Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

Origin

Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen in East Asia some 24,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M. Haplogroup C shares six mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with haplogroup Z and five mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with other members of haplogroup M8. This macro-haplogroup is known as haplogroup M8'CZ or simply as haplogroup M8.

Distribution

Haplogroup C is found in Northeast Asia (including Siberia) and the Americas. In Eurasia, Haplogroup C is especially frequent among populations of arctic Siberia, such as Nganasans, Dolgans, Yakuts, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs, and Koryaks. Haplogroup C is one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, D, and X. The subclades C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c are found in the first people of the Americas. C1a is found only in Asia.

In 2010, Icelandic researchers discovered C1e lineage in their home country, estimating an introduction date of year 1700 AD or earlier, indicating a possible introduction during the Viking expeditions to the Americas. A Native American origin for this C1e lineage is likely, but the researchers note that a European or Asian one cannot be ruled out.

In 2014, a study discovered a new mtDNA subclade C1f from the remains of 3 people found in north-western Russia and dated to 7,500 years ago. It has not been detected in modern populations. The study proposed the hypothesis that the sister C1e and C1f subclades had split early from the most recent common ancestor of the C1 clade and had evolved independently. Subclade C1e had a northern European origin. Iceland was settled by the Vikings 1,130 years ago and they had raided heavily into western Russia, where the sister subclade C1f is now known to have resided. They proposed that both subclades were brought to Iceland through the Vikings, however C1e went extinct on mainland northern Europe due to population turnover and its small representation, and subclade C1f went extinct completely.

In 2015, a study conducted in the Aconcagua mummy identified its mtDNA lineage belongs to the subclade C1bi, which contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b.

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

• CZ
  • C - China (Mongol from Chifeng), Korea, Russia (Bashkortostan), India
    • C1 - Paraguay (Alto Parana), ancient DNA from specimen I0061 (from Yuzhniy Oleni Ostrov, Lake Onega, Russia, 7450 - 6950 ybp)
      • C1a
        • C1a* – Ulchi, Nanai, Daur, Mongol (Hulunbuir)
        • C1a1 – Buryat, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)
        • C1a2 – Japan
      • C1b
        • C1b*
        • C1b1
          • C1b1*
          • C1b1a
            • C1b1a* – Mexican American
            • C1b1a1 – Mexican American
          • C1b1b – Native American, Mexican American
        • C1b2
          • C1b2* – Peru, Paraguay
          • C1b2a – Peru
          • C1b2b – Colombia
          • C1b2c
            • C1b2c* – USA, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Spain
            • C1b2c1 – Paraguay
        • C1b3
          • C1b3* – Peru
          • C1b3a - Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatera, Papua Nugini dan Sulawesi)
            • C1b3a* – Peru
            • C1b3a1 – Argentina
        • C1b4 – Ecuador, Peru, USA
        • C1b5
      • C1c
        • C1c1
        • C1c2
      • C1d – Argentina (Buenos Aires), Colombia (Boyacá), Mexico (Tamaulipas, Guanajuato, Chihuahua, etc.), United States (Mexican Americans), Canada (Shuswap)
        • C1d1
        • C1d2 – Colombia (Mestizo)
          • C1d2a – Colombia (Mestizos)
      • C1e – Iceland
      • C1f – Pamiri Tajik (Gorno-Badakhshan), India (Marathi), Scotland, Italy, Mesolithic NW Russia
      • C1g – Mesolithic NW Russia (Karelia)
    • C4 – Upper Palaeolithic (14050 - 13770 ybp) Ust-Kyakhta (Buryatia), Late Neolithic-Bronze Age Irkutsk Oblast, Late Neolithic-Iron Age Yakutia, Tubalar (Ederbes), Todzhin (Toora-Hem, Iiy, Adir-Kezhig), Yukaghir (Andrushkino), Yukaghir/Chuvan (Markovo), Russian, Myanmar
      • C4a'b'c - Irkutsk Oblast (6815 ybp), India (Jenu Kuruba)
        • C4a – China (Guangdong, Han from Beijing)
          • C4a1 – Mongol from Chifeng and Hulunbuir, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz, Sarikoli, Wakhi), Czech Republic, Denmark
            • C4a1a – Korea, China, Uyghur, Buryat (South Siberia), Denmark, Sweden, France, Scotland, Canada
              • C4a1a1
                • C4a1a1a
                  • C4a1a1a1 - Lepcha, Sherpa (Nepal)
                  • C4a1a1a2 - Lachungpa
                  • C4a1a1a3 - Wancho
                • C4a1a1b - Poland, Finland (Hamina)
              • C-T195C! – Ireland, Scotland, England, USA, Hungary (Szeged region), Poland, Belarus, Russia (Russian, Buryat), Turkey, Pakistan (Hazara), India (Jammu and Kashmir), China (Bargut and Mongol in Inner Mongolia, etc.), Korea
                • C4a1a2 – China
                  • C4a1a2a – China (Han from Ili, Han from Henan, etc.)
                  • C4a1a2b
                    • C4a1a2b1 - China
                    • C4a1a2b2 - Uyghur
                • C4a1a3 – Bronze Age Irkutsk Oblast (Ust'-Belaya, Khaptsagai, Silinskij, Chastaja Padi), Russian (Kemerovo Oblast), Koryak, Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk (Nyukzha, Chumikan, Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Sakkyryyr, Sebjan, Tompo, Markovo, Kamchatka), Udinsk Buryat (Kushun), Todzhin (Toora-Hem, Adir-Kezhig), Altai Kizhi, Iran (Qashqai), Sweden
                  • C4a1a3a – Yakut, Buryat (Buryat Republic, Irkutsk Oblast), Bargut, Nentsi
                    • C4a1a3a1 – Yakut, Nganasan (Vadei of Taimyr Peninsula)
                      • C4a1a3a1a - Evenk (Taimyr, Stony Tunguska)
                      • C4a1a3a1b - Tofalar
                  • C4a1a3b – Bargut, Uyghur
                    • C4a1a3b1 - Chelkan, Tubalar
                  • C4a1a3c – Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula, Stony Tunguska)
                  • C4a1a3d – Yakut
                • C4a1a4 – Buryat, Kazakhstan
                  • C4a1a4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region), Shor
              • C4a1a5 – Teleut, Ladakh
              • C4a1a6
                • C4a1a6a - Russia (Bashkortostan, Khamnigan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
                • C4a1a6b - Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
              • C4a1a7 - Denmark
            • C4a1b – China, Thailand (Palaung)
            • C4a1c - Russia (Bashkortostan, Adygei), Iran (Azerbaijanian), China (Xibo, Mongol from Tianjin)
          • C4a2
            • C4a2a – Yakut, Evenk (Chumikan)
              • C4a2a1 – Bronze Age (2275 - 2040 cal BC) Irkutsk Oblast (specimen irk076 from burial 3 at the Shamanka 2 site, South Baikal), Shor, Chelkan, Teleut, Altai Kizhi, Yakut, Kazakh, Ket, Evenk (Stony Tunguska, Taimyr), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast, Inner Mongolia), China, Korea
                • C4a2a1a – Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk (Nyukzha, Iyengra, Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Tompo)
                • C4a2a1b – Evenk (Nyukzha), Yakut
                  • C4a2a1b1 - Evenk (Nyukzha)
                • C4a2a1c - China (Zhejiang, Uyghurs), Buryat, Todzhin (Iiy), Karanogay (Dagestan)
                  • C4a2a1c1 - Tofalar (Alygdzher, Nerkha, V. Gutara), Khamnigan
                  • C4a2a1c2 - Uyghurs
                • C4a2a1d - Uyghurs
                  • C4a2a1d1 - Udinsk Buryat (Kushun), Tofalar (V. Gutara), Evenk (Central Siberia)
                  • C4a2a1d2 - Evenk (Nelkan/Dzhigda), Evenk/Nivkh (Val)
                • C4a2a1e - Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)
                • C4a2a1f - Buryat (South Siberia, Irkutsk Oblast)
                • C4a2a1g - Ket
            • C4a2b – Tibet, Korea
              • C4a2b1 – Wancho
              • C4a2b2 – China (Han from Beijing)
                • C4a2b2a – Tibet (Sherpa)
            • C4a2c – Bargut (Inner Mongolia)
              • C4a2c1 – India (Jenu Kuruba)
              • C4a2c2 – Lepcha
                • C4a2c2a – Ladakh
        • C4b – Mongol from Jilin and Hulunbuir, Yukaghir, Altai Kizhi, Ukraine, Slovakia
          • C4b1 – Yukaghir, Buryat, Mongol from Jilin
            • C4b1a – Bargut (Inner Mongolia)
            • C4b1b – Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Buryat
          • C4b2 – Koryak
            • C4b2a – Koryak, Chukchi
          • C4b3 – Yakut, Altai Kizhi
            • C4b3a – Yukaghir, Even (Berezovka), Mongol from Xilingol
              • C4b3a1 – Yukaghir
            • C4b3b – Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
          • C4b5 – Khamnigan, Buryat
          • C4b6 – Altai Kizhi, Tubalar
          • C4b7 – Yukaghir
          • C4b8 – Yakut
            • C4b8a – Nganasan
        • C4c – Ijka
          • C4c1 – Sioux (Carson County of South Dakota), Shuswap, Canada, USA, France, Spain
            • C4c1a – Cherokee (Flint District of Oklahoma)
            • C4c1b – Chippewa (Trempealeau in Wisconsin), Ottawa or Chippewa (Sault Saint Marie, Chippewa County, Michigan), Canada
          • C4c2 – Métis (Red River, Manitoba), USA
      • C4-T152C! – Russia (Bashkortostan), England
        • C4-T152C!-A12780G - Uyghur
          • C4d – Turkey, Tibet (Chamdo, Nyingchi, Shannan, Lhoba), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province), Han from Beijing, Mongol from Tongliao
        • C4-T152C!-T4742C - Altai Republic (ancient DNA), Uyghur
          • C4-T152C!-T4742C-T16093C - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), Tibet (Nyingchi)
          • C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C - Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), Burusho (Pakistan)
          • C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C-G11176A - Pamiri (Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan)
        • C4e – Teleut, Shor
    • C5 – India
      • C5a – Azeri
        • C5a1 – Mongol (Bayannur, Hohhot, Chifeng), Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Xibo (HGDP), Kazakhstan
          • C5a1a - Khanty, Altai Kizhi
          • C5a1b - Even (Severo-Evensk district), Ulchi
          • C5a1c - Yakut, Khamnigan (South Siberia)
          • C5a1d - Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia)
          • C5a1e - Uyghur
          • C5a1f - Uyghur
        • C5a2
          • C5a2a – Buryat (South Siberia, Buryat Republic), Turkey
            • C5a2a1 - Evenk (Nyukzha, Iyengra)
          • C5a2b – Yukaghir (Nelemnoye), Koryak, Chukchi, Evenk (Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Kamchatka)
            • C5a2b1 – Koryak
      • C5b – Poland
        • C5b1 – Mongol (Bayannur, Shanxi), Buryat (South Siberia), Tofalar, Todjin, Tuvan, Sojot, Ladakh, Japan
          • C5b1a – Evenk (Central Siberia)
            • C5b1a1 – Nganasan, Yakut, Buryat (South Siberia), Khamnigan (South Siberia), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
              • C5b1a1a - Tofalar (Nerkha, Alygdzher, V. Gutara), Todzhi-Tuva (Alygdzher), Buryat (South Siberia)
            • C5b1a2 - Altai Kizhi (South Siberia), Irtysh-Barabinsk Tatar (Novosibirsk Oblast)
          • C5b1b – Khakas
            • C5b1b* – Buryat (South Siberia), Russia (Chechen Republic), Bulgaria (Turk in Dobrich)
            • C5b1b1 – Yakut
              • C5b1b1a - Yakut, Even (Sebjan), Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Russian
            • C5b1b2 - Uyghur
      • C5-T16093C – Japan (Aichi), Korea, Han (Beijing)
        • C5c – Tubalar, Teleut, Afghanistan, Persian (Iran), Czech Republic
          • C5c-C16234T – Kurd (Iran), Armenia, Turkey, Kuwait
            • C5c1 – Poland, Sweden, Greece
              • C5c1a – Russian (Uzbekistan), Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Austria, Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland, Italy, USA, Canada
        • C5d – China, Vietnam (Hmong)
          • C5d1 – Altai Kizhi, Tuvan, Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Yukaghir
          • C5d2 – Khamnigan, China
    • C7 – South Korea, China, Taiwan (Hakka), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Chiang Mai Province, and Lamphun Province), Vietnam (Kinh, Tay, Jarai)
      • C7a – Han (Beijing, Yunnan, Denver, etc.), Uyghur, Taiwan (Paiwan, Minnan), Lahu, Thailand (incl. Urak Lawoi, Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province, Black Tai in Loei Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province), Vietnam (Hani, Yao, Gelao)
        • C7a1 – China, Mongol (Alxa), Taiwan (Makatao), USA (Han Chinese in Denver), Korea
          • C7a1a – Thailand (Mon in Lopburi Province)
            • C7a1a1 – Wancho
            • C7a1a2 – Dirang Monpa
          • C7a1b – Northern Thailand (Tai Lue), Vietnam (Nung)
          • C7a1c – Uyghurs, Mongol (Hebei, Tongliao, Hinggan, Hulunbuir), Chinese (Fengcheng, Shandong, Fujian, Taixing, etc.), Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam
            • C7a1c1 – Evenk (Central Siberia, Nyukzha River basin, Okhotsk region), Uyghur
          • C7a1d – Wancho
          • C7a1f – Thailand (Karen)
            • C7a1f1 – Thailand (Karen, Shan, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Kanchanaburi Province)
              • C7a1f1a – Thailand (S'gaw Karen, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province)
        • C7a2 – China, Dai, Laos (Lao in Luang Prabang), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Mon in Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Myanmar (Yangon)
          • C7a2a – China (Shantou, etc.), Taiwan (Hakka, Makatao, etc.)
        • C7a3
        • C7a4
        • C7a5
        • C7a6
      • C7-A16051G – Bargut (Inner Mongolia)
        • C7b – Gallong, Naxi, Ukraine, Moldova, Austria
      • C7c – Korea
      • C7d – Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (Vietnamese), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province), Cambodia (Kampong Cham)
      • C7e – Cambodia (Takéo), Thailand (Khmer in Surin Province)

Popular culture

• In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Chochmingwu.
• Cellist Yo-Yo Ma belongs to the mtDNA haplogroup C.
• Actor and film producer Adrian Grenier carries haplogroup C1b2.

References

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