Surf Wiki
Save to docs
general/human-mtdna-haplogroups

From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Haplogroup B (mtDNA)

Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup

Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup

FieldValue
nameB
mapPeopling of eurasia.jpg
origin-date50,000 YBP
origin-placeSoutheast Asia
ancestorR11'B B4'5'R11B6'R24
descendantsB2,B4, B5, B6
mutations8281-8289d
Note

the human mtDNA haplogroup

| origin-date = 50,000 YBP | origin-place = Southeast Asia

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R.

The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.

Distribution

Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man.

Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia, as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages and Austronesian languages.

A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.

Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia via Beringia, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian tribes of northeastern Siberia. However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans, Altays, Shors, Khakassians, Yakuts, Buryats, Mongols, Negidals, and Evenks. This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Korea, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%). However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar), Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%), South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%), Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan), and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B

PopulationFrequencyCountSourceSubtypes
Carolinian (Saipan)1.00017B4a1a1a=15, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=2
Hawaiians0.994160B4a1a1, B4a1a1a1, B4a1a1a3
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.60010B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=3, B4a=1, B4e=1, B4f=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.48127B4a=7, B4b1=5, B5a=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.42935B5a=7, B4e=3, B4b1=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=1, B(xB4, B5)=1
Filipino0.42264B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=8, B5b=7, B4b1=6, B4c1b=4, B4a1a1=1, B5a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.39041B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=6, B4a=3
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.37524B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.369168B5a=27, B4c2=18, B4c1b2=3, B4h=3, B4a1(xB4a1a)=2, B4g=2, B5b2a=2, B4a(xB4a1)=1, B4a1a=1, B4b1=1, B4c1b(xB4c1b2)=1, B5b1=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.36819B5a=3, B4a=2, B4b1=1, B4e=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.367177B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=20, B5b=18, B4b1=13, B4c1b=10, B5a=2, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B7=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.33339B5a=8, B4a=5
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.32128B4a=6, B5a=2, B4c=1
Kinh (Vietnamese)0.317139B4=24, B5=19, B6=1
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.31332B4a=5, B5a=3, B4e=2
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.30040B5a=5, B4a=3, B4e=2, B4b1=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.29341B5a=4, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=4, B4a=3, B4(xB4a)=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.28025B4a=5, B5a=2
Filipino (Visayas)0.277112B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=11, B4b1=8, B4c1b=7, B5b=5
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.26926B4a=3, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B4f=1
Laos0.262214B5a=26, B4g=7, B4c2=6, B4a'g=3, B4a1=3, B4b1a2a=2, B4e=2, B4=1, B4a1b=1, B4b1=1, B4b1a1'2*=1, B4c1b=1, B5b=1, B6=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.25831B4a=4, B5a=3, B4b1=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.25032B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.25032B5a=4, B4a=2, B4f=1, B5b=1
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.25016B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1, B5a=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.24445B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3, B5a=3
Filipino (Mindanao)0.24370B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=7, B4b1=5, B5b=3, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B4a1a1=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.23842B4a=3, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Han (Taiwan)0.234111B4+C16261T+G16129A!=6, B5a1=3, B4+C16261T=2, B4b1a2=2, B4b1b'c=2, B4c1b2a(xB4c1b2a2)=2, B4g=2, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=1, B4a4=1, B4b1a3=1, B4c1b+A16335G=1, B4c1c=1, B5b(xB5b2a)=1, B5b2a=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.22631B4a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4b=1, B5a=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.21119B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Taipei, Taiwan)0.20991B4(xB4f)=13, B5=6
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.206102B4a=5, B4b1=5, B5a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c, B4e, B4f, B4g)=3, B5b=2, B4c=1
Korean (South Korea)0.204103B4=13, B5=8
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)0.20055B5=6, B4=5
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.20015B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Han (Southern California)0.192390B=75
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.19021B4a=2, B4(xB4a)=1, B5b=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.190137B4b'd=9, B4a=6, B5a=4, B4c=3, B(xB4a, B4b'd, B4c, B5a, B5b, B6)=2, B5b=1, B6=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.18864B4a=5, B5b=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.184103B5a=6, B4a=5, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B4e=1, B4f=1, B5b=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18233B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.18211B4a=1, B4b1=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)0.180261B(xB5)=32, B5=15
Han (Taiwan)0.1791117B=200
CHD (Han from Denver, Colorado)0.17873B4=12, B5=1
Hui (Xinjiang)0.17845B4a=4, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B6=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.17540B4(xB4a, B4b1)=5, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.17229B4b=3, B5a=2
Thailand0.171105B(xB5a1)=13, B5a1=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.17135B5a=4, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.16050B4a=4, B(xB4, B5)=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5a=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.156160B4(xB4f)=15, B5=10
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.15645B4(xB4a, B4b)=4, B4a=3
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.155633B=98
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.15020B4b=1, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=1, B6=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.14947B4=5, B5=2
Korean (South Korea)0.148203B4(xB4f)=24, B5=6
Korean (South Korea)0.146185B4a=11, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=7, B4b1=4, B5a=2, B5b=2, B4c=1
Vietnamese0.14342B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=3, B4a=1, B4b(xB4b1)=1, B5a=1
Okinawa0.141326B4(xB4f)=28, B4f=10, B5=8
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)0.140121B4=14, B5=3
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)0.136118B4=11, B5=5
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.13330B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.129217B4(xB4f)=18, B4f=5, B5=5
Japanese (Tōkai)0.124282B4(xB4f)=26, B5=9
Japanese (Gifu)0.1211617B=196
Negidal0.12133B5b2=4
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.119336B4(xB4f)=24, B5=15, B4f=1
Korean (northern China)0.11851B4a=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)0.11371B4=8
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.11118B4a=1, B5a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.11154B4a=5, B5b=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.109256B4(xB4f)=19, B5=8, B4f=1
Japanese0.109211B4b1=14, B5b=4, B5a=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.10647B4b=4, B5b=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.10448B4b=2, B5b=2, B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.10448B4b=3, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Beijing)0.10040B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.10030B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Thai0.10040B5a=3, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.09731B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B(xB4, B5)=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.090100B4b1a1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=2, B5b=2
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.08857B4=5
Han (Xinjiang)0.08547B5a=2, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash, Kyrgyzstan)0.08547B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.08547B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1, B5b=1
Tuvan0.08495B4a1c2=4, B5=2, B4(xB4a1c2, B4b1a, B4d1a)=1, B4b1a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.08324B=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.081149B4c1a2(xB4c1a2a)=4, B4f1=2, B5b(xB5b2)=2, B4c1a2a=1, B4b1a3a1a=1, B4d1=1, B5b2=1
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota)0.076105B4a1a1a=7, B4b1=1
Manchurian0.07540B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.07540B=3
Uyghur (Penjim, Panfilov District, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.07355B5a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1
Buryat0.071126B4(xB4a, B4b)=5, B5b=2, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1, B4b=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.07199B4=5, B5=2
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316B=1
Persian (eastern Iran)0.06182B4=4, B5=1
Nogai (Dagestan)0.06133B=2
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.05735B=2
Kazakh (Kegen Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.05555B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1, B5b=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.05437B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.053133B5a=7
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.05258B4b1=2, B4c=1
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020B=1
Filipino (Palawan)0.05020B4a1a=1
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020B=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020B=1
Shor (Kemerovo Oblast)0.04982B4=4
Va (Simao, Yunnan)0.04522B4(xB4a)=1
Altai Kizhi0.04490B4=3, B5=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.04468B5a=2, B4b1=1
Tofalar0.04346B4a1c2=2
Kyrgyz (Bakay-Ata, Kyrgyzstan)0.04248B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B5b=1
Tubalar0.04272B4b1a=3
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai)0.04173B4=3
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.04198B5b2=3, B4c1b=1
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsky, Irkutsk Oblast)0.04025B4d1a=1
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.03853B4a=2
Teleut (Kemerovo Oblast)0.03853B4=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.036110B4=3, B5=1
Jetisu Kazakhstan0.035200last1=Askapulifirst1=Aykenlast2=Vilarfirst2=Miguellast3=Garcia-Ortizfirst3=Humbertolast4=Zhabaginfirst4=Maxatlast5=Sabitovfirst5=Zhaxylyklast6=Akilzhanovafirst6=Ainurlast7=Ramanculovfirst7=Erlanlast8=Schamiloglufirst8=Ulilast9=Martinez-Hernandezfirst9=Angelicalast10=Contreras-Cubasfirst10=Cecilialast11=Barajas-Olmosfirst11=Franciscolast12=Schurrfirst12=Theodore G.last13=Zhumadilovfirst13=Zhaxybaylast14=Flores-Huacujafirst14=Marlenlast15=Orozcofirst15=Lorenadate=2022-11-29title=Kazak mitochondrial genomes provide insights into the human population history of Central Eurasiajournal=PLOS ONElanguage=envolume=17issue=11article-number=e0277771doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0277771pmid=36445929doi-access=freeissn=1932-6203pmc=9707748bibcode=2022PLoSO..1777771A }}B4=4, B5=3
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.03429B4a=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.034295B4=9, B5=1
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.02935B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.02836B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan)0.02836B5a=1
Yakut (Yakutia)0.02836B4=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.02540B5a=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.02540B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.02344B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.02147B(xB4, B5, B6)=1
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.02049B4b1=1
Ainu0.02051B4f1=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.019105B4=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.01856B4a=1
Nogai (Nogaysky, Dagestan & Adyge-Khabalsky, Karachay-Cherkessia)0.015206B=3
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.01474B4a=1
Yakut0.012423B4(xB4b1)=3
B4b1=1
B5b2=1
Bashkir0.009221B=2
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.00015–
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00016–
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020–
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020–
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020–
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020–
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020–
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024–
Nganasan0.00024–
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.00024–
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025–
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029–
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.00029–
Batak (Palawan)0.00031–
Ket0.00038–
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.00044–
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.00044–
Evenk (Buryatia)0.00045–
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai)0.00046–
Itelmen0.00047–
Chuvash0.00055–
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056–
Komi-Zyryans0.00062–
Mansi0.00063–
Chukchi0.00066–
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tuguro-Chumikan)0.00071–
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.00071–
Komi-Permyaks0.00074–
Siberian Eskimo0.00079–
Ulchi0.00087–
Mansi0.00098–
Udmurt0.000101–
Mordvinian0.000102–
Khanty0.000106–
Yakut0.000117–
Tatar (Buinsk)0.000126–
Mari0.000136–
Koryak0.000155–
Tatar0.000228–

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

  • B'R11'R24
    • B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines (Ivatan)
      • B4
        • B4-T16217C* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan
        • B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T)
          • B4-C16261T* – Thailand (Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province), Cambodia (Takeo), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han, Uyghur), Korea
          • B4a – Korea, Han Chinese (Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (Bidayuh)
            • B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 28,400] ybp)
              • B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 10,500] ybp)
                • B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
                • B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 6,600 7,500] ybp) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville) the Polynesian motif, or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
                  • B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 5,900] ybp) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
                    • B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
                        • B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
                      • B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                      • B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
                      • B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
                    • B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                    • B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
                    • B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
                    • B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona)
                    • B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
                    • B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
                    • B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
                    • B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
                      • B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
                    • B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka)
                    • B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
                    • B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu
                    • B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
                  • B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people)
                  • B4a1a1c – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
                  • B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
                  • B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa
                  • B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela)
                  • B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
                  • B4a1a1r – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                  • B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
                  • B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
                  • B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, etc.)
                  • B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                • B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami)
                  • B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
                    • B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
                      • B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
                • B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
                  • B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
                • B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
                  • B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
                • B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis)
              • B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 [95% CI 15,300 25,700] ybp)
                • B4a1b'e* – China (Naxi, Nyingchi, etc.)
                • B4a1b – Korea, Japan
                  • B4a1b1 – Korea, Japan
                    • B4a1b1a – Korea, Japan
                • B4a1e – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Vietnam (Thái), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province, Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand)
              • B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 [95% CI 15,600 25,700] ybp) – India, China (Uyghur), Vietnam (Tay), Korea, Japan
                • B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 [95% CI 10,700 26,600] ybp) – Japan
                  • B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 [95% CI 8,200 21,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
                    • B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea
                • B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 [95% CI 11,800 23,900] ybp) – Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
                  • B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar
                  • B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 [95% CI 11,000 16,300] ybp) – China (Mongol in Hulun Buir, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Hà Nhì, Si La, Kinh, Nùng), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province)
                  • B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
                • B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 [95% CI 10,100 24,500] ybp)
                  • B4a1c3a (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,650 6,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, Kazakh (Zhan Aul of Altai Republic), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)
                  • B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,500 [95% CI 5,600 21,200] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
              • B4a1d – Vietnam
            • B4a2 – Japan
              • B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
                • B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
                • B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
                • B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
              • B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
                • B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
                  • B4a2b1a – Japan
            • B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Tianjin, Japan (Aichi), Iran (Fars), Kuwait
            • B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Korea, Russia, Germany
              • B4a4a - Yakut, Yukaghir
              • B4a4b - China
              • B4a4c - Thailand
                • B4a4c1 - Naxi, Uyghur
              • B4a4d - China
              • B4a4e - China
                • B4a4e1 - China, Taiwan
              • B4a4f - Japan
                • B4a4f1 - China
            • B4a5 – China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (H'Mông, Dao, Cờ Lao)
          • B4g
            • B4g1 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Rai, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province)
              • Vietnam (Thái, Nùng, etc.)
              • B4g1b – Han Chinese (Beijing, Denver)
            • B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Dao, Si La), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province, Htin in Phayao Province)
          • B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand (Phuan in Sukhothai Province)
            • B4h1 – China (Fujian, etc.), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province), Japan
          • B4i – China
            • B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4k – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
        • B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
          • B4b – Canada
            • B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
              • B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
                • B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
                  • B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
                    • B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua)
                  • B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
                • B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
                • B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
                • B2a4
                  • B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
                    • B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
                • B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
              • B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
                • B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo)
                • B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
                  • B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
                • B2b3 – Yanomama
                  • B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
                • B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
              • B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada, modern Canada
                • B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
                • B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
                  • B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
              • B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
              • B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
              • B2f – USA (Mexican)
              • B2g
                • B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
                • B2g2
              • B2h – Ache
              • B2i
                • B2i1 – Kayapo
                • B2i2 – Chile
                  • B2i2a – Mapuche
                    • B2i2a1 – Chile
                      • B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
                      • B2i2a1b – Chile
                  • B2i2b – Chile
                    • B2i2b1 – Chile
              • B2j
              • B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
              • B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
              • B2m
              • B2n
              • B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
                • B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
                  • B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
              • B2p – USA (Mexican)
              • B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
              • B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
              • B2s – USA (Mexican)
              • B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
              • B2u
              • B2v
              • B2w
              • B2x
              • B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
                • B2y1 – USA
            • B4b1
              • B4b1* – Thailand (Phuan in Phrae Province), Korea, Japan
              • B4b1a
                • B4b1a* – China, Tubalar, Philippines, Indonesia
                • B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 11,200 19,400] ybp) – Japan
                  • B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 [95% CI 2,100 4,200] ybp) – Japan
                    • B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
                    • B4b1a1b – Japan
                    • B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
                  • B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 [95% CI 10,300 13,600] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Indonesia, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), India
                    • B4b1a2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan
                    • B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami)
                      • B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
                      • B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
                    • B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa)
                    • B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon)
                    • B4b1a2e – China (She people, etc.)
                    • B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
                    • B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun)
                      • B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun)
                    • B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami)
                    • B4b1a2i
                      • B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (Banjarmasin)
                      • B4b1a2i1
                        • B4b1a2i1*
                        • B4b1a2i1a
                          • B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
                            • B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu
                      • B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 4,600 11,000] ybp) – Han Chinese (Denver)
                    • B4b1a3* – Hazara (Pakistan)
                    • B4b1a3a (TMRCA 3,300 [95% CI 2,100 4,900] ybp)
                      • B4b1a3a* – Turk, Altai Kizhi, Shor, Uyghur, Yakut
                      • B4b1a3a1 – Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut
                      • B4b1a3a2 – Khamnigan
                      • B4b1a3a3 – Chuvash
                    • B4b1a3b
                      • B4b1a3b* – Buryat
                      • B4b1a3b1 – Uyghur
              • B4b1b'c
                • B4b1b – Japan, Korean, China (Lanzhou), Vietnam
                • B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,800 21,700] ybp)
                  • B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 [95% CI 4,500 10.800] ybp)
                  • B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 7,800 20,100] ybp)
          • B4d
            • B4d1'2'3
              • B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat), China (Oroqen, Tibetan from Tingri, etc.), Korea
              • B4d1 – China (Miao, Daur from Qiqihar, Korean from Antu County, Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou, Jiangsu, etc.), Taiwan, Japan (Chiba), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)
                • B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)
              • B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao)
              • B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
                • B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 [95% CI 4,700 13,500] ybp)
                  • B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, etc.), Korea
            • B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, etc.)
          • B4e – Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces, Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Vietnam (La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
          • B4j – Buryat, Khamnigan
        • B4c – Thailand, Indonesia
          • B4c1
            • B4c1a'b
              • B4c1a – China (Shandong, Lanzhou, Deng people, Sarikoli in Tashkurgan), Vietnam (La Hủ) (TMRCA 18,000 [95% CI 12,600 25,000] ybp)
                • B4c1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi), Korea (South Jeolla) (TMRCA 12,000 [95% CI 8,300 16,700] ybp)
                  • B4c1a1a – Japan (Chiba, Aichi), Korea
                    • B4c1a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo), Korea
                      • B4c1a1a1a – Japan (Aichi, etc.)
                    • B4c1a1a2 – Japan (Aichi)
                  • B4c1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
                  • B4c1a1c – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
                • B4c1a2 – Barghut, Buryat, Yakut (TMRCA 11,700 [95% CI 6,000 20,600] ybp)
                  • B4c1a2a – Barghut (Hulun Buir), Khamnigan, Kyrgyz (Artux) (TMRCA 3,200 [95% CI 700 9,300] ybp)
              • B4c1b - Japan (Aichi), Vietnam (Kinh), Thailand
                • B4c1b1
                  • B4c1b1* – Japan (Tokyo), Korea, USA
                  • B4c1b1a – Japan (Tokyo)
                • B4c1b-A16335G
                  • B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A
                    • B4c1b-C5246A/T14502C/G16310A* – Vietnam (Tay, Kinh)
                    • B4c1b-C2380T
                      • B4c1b-C2380T* – Japan (Chiba)
                      • B4c1b-A200G/G16145A/C16189TC – Uyghur
                  • B4c1b2 - Poland
                    • B4c1b2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), China (Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou, etc.), Kazakh (Altai)
                      • B4c1b2a1 – China (Zhejiang, etc.), Uyghur, Japan
                      • B4c1b2a2 – Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Philippines (Ivatan), South Africa, China
                        • B4c1b2a2a – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
                        • B4c1b2a2b – Philippines (Ivatan)
                    • B4c1b2b – Taiwan (Minnan), Han Chinese (Denver)
                    • B4c1b2c – China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Vietnam (Phù Lá, Tay), Cambodia (Siem Reap), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Hazara (Pakistan)
                      • B4c1b2c1 – China (Han from Beijing), Taiwan (Minnan), Japan
                      • B4c1b2c2 – China, Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Vietnam (Kinh, La Hủ), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province)
                • B4c1b3
                  • B4c1b3* – Japan (Aichi)
                  • B4c1b3a – Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province)
            • B4c1c
              • B4c1c* – China, Korea, Japan
              • B4c1c-T16311C!
                • B4c1c-T16311C!* – China, Japan
                • B4c1c1 – Japan, Korea, Singapore, Kyrgyzstan
                  • B4c1c1a – Japan, Korea
                  • B4c1c1b - Japan
          • B4c2
            • B4c2* – Thailand (Tai Lü in Northern Thailand, Thai in Western Thailand, Phuan in Phichit, Lopburi, and Sukhothai provinces, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Saek in Nakhon Phanom Province, Soa in Sakon Nakhon Province), Laos (Lao in Luang Prabang), Indonesia (Banjar of Banjarmasin, Besemah of Sumatra, Jawa Timur), USA ("Caucasian"), Vietnam (La Hủ, Hà Nhì), Cambodia (Siem Reap, Battambang, Banteay Meanchey)
            • B4c2a
              • B4c2a* – Thai
              • B4c2a1 – Uzbek, Uyghur, China
            • B4c2b – Vietnam (Cham), Cambodia (Kampong Thom), Malaysia (Seletar), Indonesia (Banjar from Banjarmasin), Netherlands
            • B4c2c – Thailand (Thai in Eastern Thailand, Tai Khün in Northern Thailand, Tai Lü in Northern Thailand), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang), Cambodia (Kampong Thom), Vietnam (Tày, Nùng, Dao), Taiwan (Minnan), China (Tu, etc.)
            • B4c2d – Cambodia (Kampong Thom, Kratié)
            • B4c2e – Vietnam (La Hu)
            • B4c2f – Vietnam (Kinh), Thailand (Phuan)
            • B4c2g – Thailand (Phuan)
          • B4c3
            • B4c3* – China
            • B4c3a
              • B4c3a* – Vietnam (La Chí)
              • B4c3a1 – Vietnam (La Chí)
            • B4c3b – Vietnam (Lô Lô)
            • B4c3c – Vietnam (La Hủ)
        • B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early Kofun period) Yokohama)
          • B4f* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan (Aichi)
          • B4f1 - Barghut, Korea
            • B4f1* – Japan (Tokyo)
            • B4f1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
      • B5
        • B5* – China
        • B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
          • B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
            • B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
              • B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
            • B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran
              • B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane), China, Korea
            • B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province), Guyana
              • B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang)
                • B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
                  • B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, etc.)
              • B5a1c2 – China (Han)
            • B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
          • B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan)
            • B5a2a
              • B5a2a1
                • B5a2a1a – China
                • B5a2a1b – Korea, Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
              • B5a2a2
                • B5a2a2* – China
                • B5a2a2a
                  • B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
                  • B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
                • B5a2a2b
                  • B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan)
                    • B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun)
                  • B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao)
        • B5b – Korea, China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
          • B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand (Suay from Surin Province), Cambodia (Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
            • B5b1a – China, Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province)
              • B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
              • B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo)
                • B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
            • B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen
              • B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
                • B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
          • B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic, Ulchi, Altaian Kazakh), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut), Japan, Philippines
            • B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan
              • B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, etc.), China (Han from Wuhan)
              • B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea, China (Tianjin), Buryat, Hezhen
                • B5b2a2a
                  • B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
                  • B5b2a2a2 – Malaysia (Bidayuh of Sarawak), Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
            • B5b2b – Yakut
            • B5b2-C204T! - China (Han), Korea, Vietnam (Kinh)
              • B5b2c – Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao)
                • B5b2c1 – China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
          • B5b3
            • B5b3a – Japan (Aichi, early 11th century AD (Heian period) Yokohama, etc.), Korea, China
            • B5b3b – Japan
          • B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi
          • B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver)
    • R11'B6
      • R11 – China (Han from Beijing)
        • R11a – Japan, China
        • R11b – China (Han from Qingdao, etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Korea, Japan
          • R11b1 – China (Han from Hunan)
            • R11b1c - Altai Kizhi
          • R11b2 - China, Xibo
            • R11b2a - China, Thailand (Khmer from Surin Province), Vietnam (Kinh)
          • R11b3 - China (Taihang area in Henan province)
          • R11b4 - China (Han from Chongqing)
      • B6
        • B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand (Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province)
          • B6a1 – China, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Blang in Chiang Rai Province), Philippines
            • B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand (Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province), Malaysia (Temuan)
    • R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa)
      • R24a – Philippines

References

References

  1. van Oven, Mannis. (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation.
  2. (March 2002). "Phylogeographic Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese". Am J Hum Genet.
  3. "Downloadable genotypes of present-day and ancient DNA data (compiled from published papers)". [[David Reich Lab]].
  4. [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_B.htm Haplogroup B.]
  5. (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  6. (2007). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations". Am. J. Hum. Genet..
  7. (2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: A survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology.
  8. Martin Bodner, Bettina Zimmermann, Alexander Röck, Anita Kloss-Brandstätter, David Horst, Basil Horst, Sourideth Sengchanh, Torpong Sanguansermsri, Jürgen Horst, Tanja Krämer, Peter M Schneider, and Walther Parson, "Southeast Asian diversity: first insights into the complex mtDNA structure of Laos." ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' (2011), 11:49. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/49
  9. Theodore G Schurr and Douglas C Wallace, "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Southeast Asian populations", ''Human Biology'', June 2002.
  10. (2009). "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE.
  11. (2010). "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?". Mol. Biol. Evol..
  12. (2011). "Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders – a perspective from mitochondrial DNA". BMC Evol. Biol..
  13. (2009). "Genetic Admixture History of Eastern Indonesia as Revealed by Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis". Mol. Biol. Evol..
  14. Taketo Uchiyama, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Kenshi Shimizu ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture," 「法科学技術」''houkagaku gijutsu'', 12(1), 83–96 (2007)
  15. (2005). "Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups". Annals of Human Genetics.
  16. (2012). "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe". PLOS ONE.
  17. (2012-11-07). "Population Genetic Structure and Origins of Native Hawaiians in the Multiethnic Cohort Study". PLOS ONE.
  18. (2022-11-29). "Kazak mitochondrial genomes provide insights into the human population history of Central Eurasia". PLOS ONE.
  19. (2012). "Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: 'Early Train' Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data". Mol. Biol. Evol..
  20. "YFull MTree 1.01.5539".
  21. Soares, Pedro. (2011). "Ancient Voyaging and Polynesian Origins". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  22. Trejaut, Jean. (2005). "Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations". PLOS Biology.
  23. Msaidie, Said. (2010). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean". European Journal of Human Genetics.
  24. Friedlaender, Jonathan. (2007-04-19). "Genes, Language, & Culture History in the Southwest Pacific". Oxford University Press.
  25. Ricaut, F.X.. (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA variation in Karkar islanders". Annals of Human Genetics.
  26. (2018). "Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic variation of hunter-gatherer groups in Thailand". Scientific Reports.
  27. (2008). "Genetic Variation in the Enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South-Central Russia: Insights into Turkic Population History". American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
  28. (2017). "Sex-specific genetic diversity is shaped by cultural factors in Inner Asian human populations". American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
  29. (23 October 2017). "Genetic Discontinuity between the Maritime Archaic and Beothuk Populations in Newfoundland, Canada". Current Biology.
  30. {{GenBank. OR817967.1
  31. (2016). "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages". Hum Genet.
  32. (2014). "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: Insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences". Investigative Genetics.
  33. (2013). "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE.
  34. (2021). "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy". Mol Genet Genomics.
  35. (2017). "Revising mtDNA haplotypes of the ancient Hungarian conquerors with next generation sequencing". PLOS ONE.
  36. (2022). "The frequency of the known mitochondrial variants associated with drug-induced toxicity in a Korean population". BMC Med Genomics.
  37. (2006). "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis". Electrophoresis.
  38. (2003). "Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines". Genome Res..
  39. (2000). "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans". Nature.
  40. (2010). "Tracing the Austronesian Footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Perspective from Mitochondrial DNA". Mol. Biol. Evol..
  41. (2014). "Early Austronesians: into and out of Taiwan". The American Journal of Human Genetics.
  42. Source: 23andme
  43. (2012). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans". American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
  44. (2019). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the human skeletons excavated from the Shomyoji shell midden site, Kanagawa, Japan". Anthropological Science.
  45. [https://www.familytreedna.com/public/mt-dna-haplotree/M MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA]
  46. (2003). "Phylogeny of East Asian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages Inferred from Complete Sequences". Am. J. Hum. Genet..
  47. (2016). "MtDNA analysis reveals enriched pathogenic mutations in Tibetan highlanders". Scientific Reports.
  48. (2018). "Complete human mtDNA genome sequences from Vietnam and the phylogeography of Mainland Southeast Asia". Sci Rep.
  49. (2012). "Deciphering the Signature of Selective Constraints on Cancerous Mitochondrial Genome". Mol. Biol. Evol..
  50. (2012). "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans". PNAS.
Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

human-mtdna-haplogroups
Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Haplogroup B (mtDNA) — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report