Hanlin Academy

Academy members

Some of the more famous academicians of Hanlin were:

• Li Bai (701–762) – Poet
• Bai Juyi (772–846) – Poet
• Su Shi (1037 – 1101) – Poet
• Yan Shu (991–1055) – Poet, calligrapher, (prime minister, 1042)
• Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) – Historian
• Shen Kuo (1031–1095) – Chancellor
• Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145) – Painter
• Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322) – Painter, calligrapher, poet (rector, 1314–1320)
• Huang Zicheng (1350–1402) – Imperial scholar
• Li Dongyang (1447–1516) – Imperial officer, poet, served as 'Grand Historian'
• Ni Yuanlu (1593–1644) – Calligrapher, painter, high-ranking official
• Wu Renchen (1628–1689) – Historian and mathematician
• Chen Menglei (1650–1741) – Scholar, writer (Editor in Chief of the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China)
• Zhang Tingyu (1672–1755) – Politician and historian
• Ji Xiaolan (1724–1805) – Scholar, poet (Editor in Chief of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries)
• Yao Nai (1731–1815) – Scholar
• Gao E (1738–1815) – Scholar and editor
• He Changling (1785–1848) – Scholar and official
• Zeng Guofan (1811–1872) – Scholar and later key military official
• Chen Lanbin (1816–1895) – Diplomat (ambassador to the U.S., Spain and Peru)
• Weng Tonghe (1830–1904) – Imperial Tutor
• Cai Yuanpei (1868–1940) – Educator
• Qu Hongji (1850–1918) – Politician

Bureau of Translators

Subordinated to the Hanlin Academy was the Bureau of Translators (). Founded by the Ming dynasty in 1407, after the first expedition of Zheng He to the Indian Ocean, the Bureau dealt with the memorials delivered by foreign ambassadors and trained foreign language specialists. It included departments for many languages such as the Jurchen, "Tartar" (Mongol), Korean, Ryukyuan, Japanese, Tibetan, "Huihui" (the "Muslim" language, Persian) Vietnamese and Burmese languages, as well as for the languages of the "various barbarian tribes" (Bai yi 百夷, i.e., Shan ethnic groups on China's southwestern borders), "Gaochang" (people of Turfan, i.e. Old Uyghur language), and Xitian (西天; (Sanskrit, spoken in India). In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of Ba bai (八百; Lao) and Thai were added, respectively.{{citation

When the Qing dynasty revived the Ming-era Bureau of Translators, the Manchus, who "were sensitive to references to barbarians", changed the second character in the bureau's name (四夷館) from yi 夷 "barbarian" to yi 彝 "Yi people", and changed the Shan exonym from Baiyi 百夷 "hundred barbarians" to Baiyi 百譯 "hundred translations".

The later Tongwen Guan that was set up by the Qing dynasty for translating Western languages was subordinated to the Zongli Yamen rather than the Hanlin.

1900 fire

The Beijing Hanlin Academy and its library were severely damaged in a fire during the Siege of the International Legations in Peking (now known as Beijing) in 1900 by the Kansu Braves while fighting against the Eight-Nation Alliance, close to the British Legation as an intimidation tactic. On June 22-23, the fire spread to the academy:

The old buildings burned like tinder with a roar which drowned the steady rattle of musketry as [Dong Fuxiang

Tung Fu-shiang]]'s [[Hui people

Some of the incendiaries were shot down, but the buildings were an inferno and the old trees standing round them blazed like torches. An attempt was made to save the famous [Yung Lo Ta Tien, but heaps of volumes had been destroyed, so the attempt was given up.|eyewitness Lancelot Giles, son of Herbert Giles}}

The flames destroyed many ancient texts.

The academy operated continuously until its closure during the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.

References

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