Guided democracy

Examples

Poland under Sanacja

The Sanacja regime that governed interwar Poland from 1926 to 1939 is considered an example of guided democracy, during both its first phase from 1926 to 1930, as well as the final 1930–1939 phase. The regime retained much of the structures and institutions of Polish parliamentary democracy, even though Józef Piłsudski exercised such large influence on the government that he "assumed some of the postures of a dictator". The 1935 April Constitution of Poland implemented by Sanacja centralized most state power in the hands of President, but the Polish guided democracy nevertheless stayed pluralistic, even if authoritarian. The opposition sat in the parliament and local governments, and political parties were allowed to function legally.

Polish historian notes that elections under Piłsudski's regime were still organised along the principles of parliamentary democracy, and the Sanacja regime was genuinely popular as the opposition parties were blamed for failing to prevent the Great Depression. Writing about late Sanacja, Antony Polonsky stated that even after 1930, "parties survived, the press was fairly free, criticism was allowed", thus maintaining the system of guided democracy. While the actions of the opposition were hampered, repressions were rare and only two parties were banned: Camp of Great Poland and National Radical Camp.

Indonesia under Sukarno

Main article: Guided Democracy in Indonesia

After World War II, the term "guided democracy" was used in Indonesia for the approach to government under the Sukarno administration from 1959 to 1966.

Russia under Putin

The term "managed democracy" has been used to describe the political system of Russia under Vladimir Putin by former Putin advisor Gleb Pavlovsky, by media, and by Russian intellectual Marat Gelman.

References

References

1. Sultana, Tasneem. (2012). ''The Evolution of Democracy through the Ages: Focus on the European Experience''. '''28'''. p. 38. "[Guided democracy] is also called Directed Democracy."
2. E. Akıllı, H. Tabak, O. Tufekci, A. Chiriatti. (2017). ''Eurasian Politics and Society: Issues and Challenges.'' [[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]]. {{ISBN. 9781443891820. 1443891827. p. 158.
3. '''Rohmann, Chris (2000). ''A World of Ideas: The Dictionary of Important Ideas and Thinkers.'' [[Ballantine Books]] {{ISBN. 978-0-345-43706-8'''
4. Vanbergen, Graham. (March 28, 2024). "Democracy: The Political Assault On Civil Society".
5. Wolin, Sheldon S.. (2008). "Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism". Princeton University Press.
6. Chojnowski, Andrzej. (2009). "Rządy pomajowe". Muzeum Historii Polski.
7. Plach, Eva. (2006). "The Clash of Moral Nations: Cultural Politics in Piłsudski's Poland, 1926–1935".
8. di Gregorio, Angela. (2021). "European and Polish constitutionalism in the aftermath of WW1". DPCE Online.
9. "Kalendarium wydarzeń - Kalendarium - Polska.pl". Wiadomosci.polska.pl.
10. Polonsky, Antony. (1972). "Politics in Independent Poland 1921-1939: The Crisis of Constitutional Government". Oxford University Press.
11. Andrzej Friszke, Henryk Samsonowicz. (2010). "KSAP XX LAT".
12. Lindsey, Tim. (2021-08-20). "Soeharto: the giant of modern Indonesia who left a legacy of violence and corruption".
13. Weir, Fred. (October 1, 2003). "Kremlin lobs another shot at marketplace of ideas". [[The Christian Science Monitor]].
14. Sauer, Pjotr. (2023-12-08). "Vladimir Putin to run for Russian president again in March 2024". [[The Guardian]].
15. (2024-02-08). "Russian anti-war election candidate barred from running against Putin".
16. (July 8, 2005). "Managed Democracy". [[The Moscow Times]].