Guianan streaked antwren

Taxonomy and systematics

The Guianan streaked antwren was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the nuthatches in the genus Sitta and coined the binomial name Sitta surinamensis. Gmelin based his description on the "Surinam nuthatch" that had been described and illustrated in 1782 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his A General Synopsis of Birds. The Guianan streaked antwren is now placed in the genus Myrmotherula that was introduced in 1858 by Philip Sclater.{{ cite journal | last=Sclater | first=Philip Lutley | author-link=Philip Sclater | year=1858 | title=Synopsis of the American Ant-birds (Formicariidae). Part II containing the Formicivorinae or Ant-wrens |journal= Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | volume=26 | pages=232–254 [234] | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1858.tb06370.x | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32271758 }} The species is monotypic: No subspecies are recognized.

During much of the twentieth century the Guianan streaked antwren and what are now the Pacific antwren (Myrmotherula pacifica) and the Amazonian streaked antwren (M. multostriata) were considered conspecific as the "streaked antwren". Differences in their plumage and voice indicate that they are separate species.

Description

The Guianan streaked antwren is 9 to long and weighs 7.5 to. It is a smallish bird with a tiny tail. Adult males have a black and white streaked face. Their crown, back, and rump are black with thin white streaks. They have a large white patch between the shoulders. Their tail is black with white edges and tips to the feathers. Their wings are black with white tips on the coverts and white edges on the flight feathers. Their throat, breast, and belly are white and their flanks and crissum gray. Black streaks extend from the throat to the flanks and belly. Adult females have an orange-buff face and cinnamon-rufous crown and nape with black streaks. Their belly and crissum have a buff tinge; their underparts are mostly plain but may have fine streaks on the breast and sides.

Distribution and habitat

The Guianan streaked antwren is found from extreme eastern Colombia east through southern Venezuela and the Guianas and northern Brazil. It occurs only north and east of the Rio Negro and the Amazon River. It inhabits the understorey and mid-storey of lowland evergreen forest (primarily várzea and igapó) and shrubby secondary forest. It occurs almost entirely near water, in thickets and vine tangles by rivers, streams, and ponds, and in French Guiana also in mangroves. It occasionally is found in large clearings and shrubby forest borders away from water. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 450 m.

Behavior

Movement

The Guianan streaked antwren is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.

Feeding

The Guianan streaked antwren feeds on arthropods, especially insects and probably also spiders. It typically forages singly or in pairs and briefly, but seldom, joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It mostly feeds between about 1 and above the ground or water. It actively seeks prey among leaves and vine tangles and along branches, gleaning by reaching, lunging, and with brief sallies from a perch.

Breeding

The Guianan streaked antwren's breeding season has not been defined, though active nests have been seen between August and October and dependent young in February. One nest in French Guiana was covered with moss; it was on a branch about 1 m above water and contained two eggs.

Vocalization

The Guianan streaked antwren's song is a "short, sharp, level trill 'd-rrrrr', 'd-' slightly lower". Its calls include a "slightly downslurred, complaining note, often given in doublet", a "short rattle", and a "single, abrupt 'chit' ".

Status

The IUCN originally in 2004 assessed the Guiana streaked antwren as being of Least Concern, then in 2012 as Vulnerable, and then in 2023 again as of Least Concern. It has a large range, and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable. "The primary threat to this species is accelerating deforestation, as land is cleared for logging, cattle ranching and soy production, facilitated by expansion of the road network. Deforestation is overall low and large tracts of pristine forests persist, but it may be locally high, especially in the Brazilian part of the range." It is considered uncommon to fairly common in most of its range. It occurs in several protected areas in Venezuela and a few elsewhere. "The ability of this species to persist in shrubby second-growth habitats makes it less sensitive to disturbance than many other forest species" but deforestation is increasing.

References

References

1. BirdLife International. (2023). "Guianan Streaked Antwren ''Myrmotherula surinamensis''".
2. (January 2024). "Antbirds".
3. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
4. Gmelin, Johann Friedrich. (1788). "Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis". Georg. Emanuel. Beer.
5. (1951). "Check-List of Birds of the World". Museum of Comparative Zoology.
6. Latham, John. (1781). "A General Synopsis of Birds". Printed for Leigh and Sotheby.
7. Isler, M.L., Isler, P.R. and Whitney, B.M. (1999). Species limits in antbirds (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae): the ''Myrmotherula surinamensis'' complex. Auk 116(1): 83–96.
8. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
9. . . "Check-list of North American Birds". *American Ornithologists' Union*. (1998)
10. Richard C. Banks, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz. "Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union ''Check-list of North American Birds''". ''The Auk'' 2000, vol. 117:847-858 retrieved February 7, 2024
11. Zimmer, K., M.L. Isler, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Guianan Streaked-Antwren (''Myrmotherula surinamensis''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.guista1.01 retrieved February 6, 2024
12. van Perlo, Ber. (2009). "A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil". Oxford University Press.
13. "Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia". Fundación ProAves. (2010)