Guaiacum

Uses

The genus is famous as the supplier of lignum vitae, which is the wood of several species in the genus. It is the fourth-hardest variety of wood as measured by the Janka hardness test, requiring a force of 4500 lb-f to embed a steel ball 0.444 in in diameter half that distance into the wood.

The Spanish encountered guaiacum wood when they conquered San Domingo in the sixteenth century. It was soon brought back to Europe, where epidemic syphilis had been raging for decades. Gum guiacum quickly acquired a reputation as a cure for syphilis, a practice Benvenuto Cellini records in his memoirs. Thomas Nashe referred to its supposed medical properties in his tract Nashe's Lenten Stuff, alluding to the exotic sound of the word itself: "Physicians deafen our ears with the honorificabilitudinitatibus of their heavenly panacaea, their sovereign guiacum." The detailed engraving, Preparation and Use of Guayaco for Treating Syphilis, published by Philips Galle after a design by the Flemish artist Jan van der Straet, depicts four servants preparing a concoction of gum guiacum for their wealthy master under the supervision of a physician. Paracelsus, the famous if controversial Swiss physician, disputed the effectiveness of this treatment and was censured for his criticism.

Gum guaiacum was used to stimulate menstruation; in a 1793 Virginia court case, Martha Jefferson Randolph testified that she had provided gum guaiacum to a female relative to "produce an abortion", suggesting that it was also used as an abortifacient. In A Treatise of the Materia Medica (1789), Scottish physician William Cullen noted: "Several physicians have apprehended mischief from the use of the guaiacum in a spirituous tincture."

The 1955 edition of the Textbook of Pharmacognosy states: "Guaiacum has a local stimulant action which is sometimes useful in sore throat. The resin is used in chronic gout and rheumatism, whilst the wood is an ingredient in the compound concentrated solution of sarsaparilla, which was formerly much used as an alternative in syphilis."

A phenolic compound derived from the resin of Guaiacum trees is used in a common test for blood in human stool samples. The presence of heme in the blood causes the formation of a coloured product in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The effect of peroxidases in horseradish on guiacum was first noted in 1810.

As a food additive, Guaiacum is designated E314 and classified as an antioxidant.

A widely used derivative drug is the expectorant known as guaifenesin.

The soap fragrance oil of guaiac comes from Bulnesia sarmientoi, a South American tree from the same family.

Members of the genus are grown in Florida and California as ornamental plants.

Species

Seven species are accepted.

Formerly placed here

• Porlieria microphylla (Baill.) Descole et al. (as G. microphyllum Baill.)
• Schotia afra (L.) Thunb. (as G. afrum L.)

References

References

1. "''Guaiacum'' L". Missouri Botanical Gardens.
2. "''Guaiacum'' Plum. ex L.". [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]].
3. ''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989.
4. [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/guaiacum Entry "guaiacum"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]'', retrieved 2013-04-30.
5. Grandtner, Miroslav M.. (2005). "Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees: With Names in Latin, English, French, Spanish and Other Languages". Elsevier.
6. Bailey, Richard W. (2004). "Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first Century". [[Cambridge University Press]].
7. Gordon, J. E.. (2005). "Guaiacum coulteri an over-logged dry forest tree of Oaxaca, Mexico". [[Fauna and Flora Preservation Society.
8. "National Symbols". Jamaica Information Service.
9. "National Symbols of the Bahamas". TheBahamasGuide.
10. Self, Charlie. (2005). "Woodworker's Pocket Reference: Everything a Woodworker Needs to Know at a Glance". Fox Chapel Publishing.
11. [http://www.york.ac.uk/crems/downloads/MA%20Description%20May%2006/Nova%20Reperta%20description.html Johannes Stradanus] {{webarchive. link. (2007-11-03 undated brief review of works. Accessed August 6, 2007.)
12. Wallis, Thomas E. (1955). "Textbook of Pharmacognosy".
13. (1871). "Nash's Lenten Stuff: Containing the Description and First Procreation and Increase of the Towne of Great Yarmouth, in Norfolk: with a New Play, Never Played Before, of The Praise of the Red Herring". Reeves and Turner.
14. [http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1609634&partId=1&searchText=nova+reperta&page=1 Jan van der Straet's "Hyacum et lues venera"]. Accessed June 29, 2018.
15. Crawford, Alan. (November 26, 2000). "A House Called Bizarre". The Washington Post.
16. Kierner, Cynthia. (2012). "Martha Jefferson Randolph: Her Life and Times". University of North Carolina Press.
17. (1789). "A Treatise of the Materia Medica". Printed for Luke White.
18. (2003). "Horseradish peroxidase: a valuable tool in biotechnology". Biotechnol Annu Rev.
19. {{GRIN. ''Guaiacum unijugum''. 444188
20. "GRIN Species Records of Guaiacum". United States Department of Agriculture.
21. "Subordinate Taxa of ''Guaiacum'' L". Missouri Botanical Gardens.