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Grand Duchy of Oldenburg

German state (1815–1918)

Summary

German state (1815–1918)

Field	Value
native_name	de
conventional_long_name	Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
common_name	Oldenburg
status	{{plainlist
government_type	Absolute monarchy (1815–1849)
Constitutional monarchy (1849-1918)
year_start	1815
year_end	1918
event_start	Congress of Vienna
event1	Proclamation of the German Empire
date_event1	January 18, 1871
event_end	German Revolution
date_end	November 9,
p1	First French Empire
flag_p1	Flag of France.svg
p2	Duchy of Oldenburg
flag_p2	Flag of Oldenburg (Scandinavian Cross).svg
border_p2	no
s1	Free State of Oldenburg
flag_s1	Civil flag of Oldenburg.svg
image_flag2	Flag of Oldenburg (Scandinavian Cross).svg
image_flag	Civil flag of Oldenburg.svg
flag_caption	Top: Flag (1815-1871)
Bottom: Flag (1871–1918)

image_coat	Coats of arms Grand Duché d Oldenbourg.svg
symbol_type	Coat of arms
Coat of arms
national_anthem	Heil dir, o Oldenburg
("Hail thee, o Oldenburg")
image_map
image_map2
capital	Oldenburg
title_leader	Grand Duke
leader1	William I
year_leader1	1815–1823
leader2	Peter I
year_leader2	1823–1829
leader3	Augustus
year_leader3	1829–1853
leader4	Peter II
year_leader4	1853–1900
leader5	Frederick Augustus II
year_leader5	1900–1918
title_deputy	Staatsminister
deputy1	Karl von Brandenstein (first)
year_deputy1	1814–1842
deputy2	Franz Friedrich Ruhstrat (last)
year_deputy2	1916–1918
currency	{{plainlist
religion	Evangelical Lutheran Church of Oldenburg
today	Germany

State of the German Confederation (1815–48)
State of the German Empire (1848-49)
independet state (1849-1850)
State of the German Confederation (1850–66)
State of the North German Confederation (1867–71)
Federal State of the German Empire (1871–1918) Constitutional monarchy (1849-1918) Bottom: Flag (1871–1918)](flag-of-lower-saxony)

Coat of arms ("Hail thee, o Oldenburg")

Thaler (until 1858)
Vereinsthaler (1858–1873)
German Goldmark (1873–1914)
German Papiermark (1914–1918)}}

The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (, also known as Holstein-Oldenburg) was a grand duchy within the German Confederation, North German Confederation and German Empire, that consisted of three widely separated territories: Oldenburg, Eutin and Birkenfeld. It ranked tenth among the German states, had one vote in the Bundesrat, and three members in the Reichstag. Its ruling family, the House of Oldenburg, also came to rule in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Greece, Russia and United Kingdom.

History

The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg came into existence in 1815 combining the territory of the old Duchy of Oldenburg with the Principality of Birkenfeld. Whilst Oldenburg was elevated to a grand duchy at the Congress of Vienna, the first two grand dukes continued to style themselves as merely dukes and it was not until 1829 that the newly acceded Augustus used the title of grand duke. Although paternalist, the early grand dukes did not grant a constitution until events overtook them in 1848.

The European Revolutions

Oldenburg did not entirely escape from the Revolutions of 1848 that swept across Europe, but no serious disturbances took place therein. In 1849 Augustus granted a constitution of a very liberal character to his subjects. Hitherto his country had been ruled in the spirit of enlightened despotism which had been strengthened by the absence of a privileged class of nobles, the comparative independence of the peasantry, and the importance of the towns; thus a certain amount of friction was inevitable. In 1852 some modifications were introduced into the constitution, yet it remained one of the most progressive in the German Confederation. Important alterations were made in the administrative system in 1855 and again in 1868, and government oversight on church affairs was ordered by a law of 1863. In 1863, Peter II, who had ruled since the death of his father Augustus in 1853, seemed inclined to press a claim to the vacant Duchy of Schleswig and Duchy of Holstein, but ultimately in 1867 he abandoned this in favor of the Kingdom of Prussia and received some slight compensation. In 1866 he had sided with Prussia against the Austrian Empire during the Seven Weeks War and joined the North German Confederation. In 1871 the grand duchy became a state of the German Empire.

Oldenburg remained a monarchy until the German Revolution of 1918-1919, when the last grand duke, Frederick Augustus II, abdicated and Oldenburg became a constituent state of the Weimar Republic as the Free State of Oldenburg.

Gallery

File:Schloß Oldenburg (01).JPG|Oldenburg Castle File:Eutin Schloss 1.jpg|Eutin Castle File:Blason Grand-duché d'Oldenbourg (Grandes armes).svg|Heraldic shield of the Grand Dukes

Sources

Works cited

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

grand-duchy-of-oldenburg oldenburg-(state) former-grand-duchies states-of-the-german-empire states-of-the-german-confederation states-of-the-north-german-confederation 1814-establishments-in-europe 1918-disestablishments-in-germany 19th-century-in-germany-by-state former-monarchies-of-europe states-and-territories-disestablished-in-1918

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