Gordie Howe International Bridge

History

Background

The passage across the Detroit River between the United States and Canada has been an important traffic route since the American Civil War, with ferries transporting goods and people across the river. A railway tunnel (Michigan Central Railway Tunnel) was opened in July 1910, a suspension bridge for road traffic (Ambassador Bridge) opened in November 1929, and a road tunnel (Detroit–Windsor tunnel) opened in 1930.

The Ambassador Bridge is the busiest crossing on the Canada–United States border, with nearly 25% of U.S.–Canada border crossings by trucks using the bridge. The Detroit crossings have particular significance for maintaining the supply chains of the automotive industries of the United States and Canada. Automotive trade between the two countries has increased from US$32 billion in 1995 to US$51 billion in 2023. The crossings pay a part in the daily lives of 5,000 Canadians commuters who work in neighbouring Detroit.{{Cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123112714/https://editions.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/?i=859612&p=18&view=issueViewer |archive-date=January 23, 2026 |url-status=live|language=en-US

The Ambassador Bridge has been criticized for its monopoly status (as no trucks are permitted to use the tunnel), private ownership by billionaire Manuel Moroun and poor maintenance record. Both the bridge and the road tunnel lack direct highway connections on the Canadian side, with city streets and traffic lights between them and Ontario Highway 401.

Detroit River International Crossing

In the early 2000s, work was begun to investigate the need for a future crossing of the Detroit River by a bi-national partnership of the U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Transport Canada, Ontario Ministry of Transportation and the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). During development, the project was known as the Detroit River International Crossing (DRIC) and the New International Trade Crossing.

In 2004, a joint announcement by the federal government of the United States and Government of Canada confirmed a new border crossing would be constructed between Detroit and Windsor. A bi-national committee was formed to manage the project. An extension of Ontario Highway 401 to the future bridge was also proposed – construction on this extension began in 2011, with the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway opening in 2015.

The various environmental approvals for the project were approved in both the United States and Canada in 2009.

In 2009, the Ohio State Senate passed a non-binding resolution expressing support for the crossing, and urged the Michigan government to pass it, due to Canada being Ohio's largest foreign trade partner, with billion per year in goods traded between Ohio and Canada. In 2011, the bridge was tentatively scheduled for completion in 2016, according to the Michigan Department of Transportation. It was estimated the bridge would generate $70.4 million in toll revenues in its first year of operation.

Michigan legislation

In 2010, the Michigan Senate had not approved any authorizing legislation related to the bridge. The Senate Majority Leader Mike Bishop had stated that the Senate would not vote until revenue forecasts were released, reports that were being withheld by the director of the Michigan Department of Transportation. The Michigan House of Representatives had already passed the measure while the bill was called "doomed" in the Senate.

Michigan Governor Rick Snyder supported construction of the new crossing in his first State of the State address on January 19, 2011. His plan would leverage Canadian money to receive a 160 percent match—totaling $2.2 billion—on funding from the Federal Highway Administration in a deal reached the week previous to the speech. In August 2011, Michigan State Senator Mike Kowall, when asked by the Windsor Star if enabling legislation for the bridge would currently pass, replied "absolutely not".

In October 2011, the Michigan Senate "rejected a bill [that] would have allowed the state to accept $550 million from the Canadian government to fund the country's share" of the bridge. One commentator, Bill Mann, noted the rejection, saying "Canada calls the new bridge its biggest infrastructure priority and has even offered to pay for the span. But pesky U.S. special-interest politics intrude once again," as he reviewed a number of "U.S. government actions (and inactions) that show little concern about Canadian concerns". Mann drew from a Maclean's article sub-titled "We used to be friends" about U.S.–Canada relations after the Keystone Pipeline, the bridge, and other "insulting" decisions.

In June 2012, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Michigan Governor Rick Snyder announced an agreement allowing the project to proceed. The Canadian federal government would fund bridge construction, land acquisition in Michigan and the construction of Interstate 75 on-ramps. The Canadian contribution will be repaid from bridge tolls collected on the Canadian side, and no tolls will be charged on the U.S. side. The crossing agreement also included community benefits for residents on both sides of the Detroit River, including improvements to local neighbourhoods affected by bridge construction.

Approvals and land acquisition

On April 12, 2013, the Obama administration granted Michigan the permit required to build the bridge, allowing construction to go forward once details were finalized. In May 2014, the United States Coast Guard issued a bridge permit, the final federal approval required. A Canadian federal Crown corporation, the Windsor–Detroit Bridge Authority (WDBA) began work in July 2014 to coordinate the bridge's construction and management.

The Canadian government allocated million to begin land acquisition on the Detroit side on May 22, 2013. In January 2015, Parsons Corporation was named the general engineering consultant for the bridge. On February 18, 2015, Minister of Transport Lisa Raitt announced Canada would fund the construction of a customs plaza on the U.S. side of the bridge in Detroit's Delray neighborhood. The plaza will have a budget of around million, and be recouped through tolls. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security will provide a first-year investment of million, and an "ongoing annual requirement" of million, to cover the plaza's operational and staffing costs.

On May 14, 2015, during an event attended by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, it was officially announced that the bridge would be known as the Gordie Howe International Bridge after Canadian ice hockey player Gordie Howe, whose celebrated career included 25 years with the Detroit Red Wings.

In July 2015, WDBA began work procuring a consortium who would design, build and finance the construction of the bridge, as well as operate and maintain it over a 30 year period. The cost of building the Gordie Howe International Bridge escalated by as the value of the Canadian dollar declined in 2015–2016. In January 2016, it was reported, due to exchange rates and increased inflation, costs could rise to .

In July 2016, it was announced many properties that would be required to build the bridge were still in the hands of private landowners. Some properties on the American side of the river were owned by Manuel Moroun, owner of the Ambassador Bridge. An estimated 30 of the 900 properties needed were considered to be problems if the owners resist selling. In July 2016, the CBC reported Dwight Duncan, the former finance minister for Ontario had advised the Government of Canada to consider buying the Ambassador Bridge from Moroun.

In a joint statement released after a meeting between newly elected U.S. president Donald Trump and Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau on February 13, 2017, the two governments reiterated the support of the "expeditious completion" of the project. It was listed as a priority infrastructure project by the Donald Trump administration.

In June 2017, the City of Detroit sold 36 city-owned parcels of land, underground assets and five miles of city-owned streets in the Delray neighborhood, which is the site of the U.S. Customs facility. A million neighborhood improvement fund for the neighborhood was set up. Residents of the area can stay and have their home renovated or move to a renovated home in a different neighborhood.

In May 2018, the Michigan Court of Appeals ruled against Moroun's attempt to stop expropriations on the Michigan side of the river, allowing construction of the U.S. plaza to begin.

Construction

On July 5, 2018, WDBA was announced the consortium "Bridging North America" had been awarded the bridge contract, using a design, build, finance, operate and maintain structure. The consortium consisted of AECOM for design; Dragados Canada, Fluor Corporation, and Aecon for construction; and ACS Infrastructure, Fluor, and Aecon for operations and maintenance. Following construction, Bridging North America will receive monthly payments for operating and maintaining the bridge over a 30 year period.

Construction began on July 17, 2018, with groundbreaking by Minister of Infrastructure Amarjeet Sohi and Michigan Governor Rick Snyder. On September 28, 2018, the WDBA announced the project would cost CA$3.8 billion to construct, part of a CA$5.7 billion contract with Bridging North America. The bridge was to be completed by the end of 2024.

In 2019, preparatory work for major construction continued, with cleaning of contaminated land. An effort by the Michigan Republican Party to prevent MDOT spending money on the bridge (even if MDOT would later be reimbursed by Canada) was reversed, allowing the project to continue. million of community benefits for local residents on both sides of the Detroit River was also announced.

In 2020, the design of new pedestrian bridges over Interstate 75 were unveiled, and work began on the foundations for the bridge towers. Construction was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with changes to working practices, travel restrictions and material shortages. In January 2021, foundation work for the bridge towers had been completed, and construction of the 220 m bridge towers was underway. In March 2021, work began to construct the buildings in the Canadian port of entry.

By March 2022, legs of the bridge on both sides of the Detroit River had been completed, with road deck construction underway. By November 2022, over 150 m of the bridge towers had been completed. The WDBA noted that the bridge could open in 2025 owing to delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, however the builder of the bridge noted they were pushing for a 2024 opening date.

By May 2023, cables used to hold up the future bridge deck were starting to be installed. In August 2023, the US bridge tower reached its final height of 220 m, with the Canadian bridge tower completed in December 2023. In October 2023, the WDBA explained that major construction would likely be completed by the end of 2024, with elements such as signs and lighting taking another six months to install. WDBA also noted that around 2,300 people were working on the site at the peak of construction.

In January 2024, the WDBA announced that the bridge would open by fall 2025, a delay of 10 months from the planned opening date owing to delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. CA$700 million of additional costs would be met by the Canadian government. It was also confirmed that the bridge deck would be completed in 2024. The two sides were permanently connected during the early morning hours of June 14, 2024. The occasion was marked with a handshake between a Canadian and an American steelworker. By June 2025, 95% of construction had been completed, with workers disassembling construction cranes, and planning to test the lighting on the bridge.

, construction of the bridge was expected to be completed by the end of fall 2025, but no firm opening date was announced. In October 2025, officials said that it will not be open to traffic until "early 2026".. Drew Dilkens, the mayor of Windsor, described the timing of the anticipated opening as "dreadful", given the ongoing strains in bilateral relations between the United States and Canada.

Design

The cable-stayed bridge design is by chief bridge architect of AECOM, Erik Behrens. Each of its two A-shaped bridge towers, standing 220 m tall, was built on opposite banks of the Detroit River. These towers were designed to resemble hockey sticks when swung for a slapshot.{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123115309/https://long-canada.arcelormittal.com/en/case-study/gordie-howe-international-bridge/ |archive-date=January 23, 2026|url-status=live|language=en-CA|location=Montréal|publisher=ArcelorMittal Produits longs Canada}} The road deck itself is held up using 216 cable stays. It has the longest main span of any cable-stayed bridge in North America at 853 m, with a total bridge length of 2.5 km. At the highest point above the Detroit River, the bridge is 46 m above the water. The bridge has six lanes for automotive traffic, and a bicycle and walking path.

On the U.S side, the port of entry will encompass 68 ha with border inspection facilities, directly connecting to Interstate 75 with dedicated highway ramps. On the Canadian side, the port of entry will encompass 53 ha with border inspection facilities, toll collection and bridge maintenance facilities. It will directly connect to Ontario Highway 401. The bicycle and walking path will connect to new and existing trails as well as bike lanes on both sides of the Detroit River.

With traffic crossing the border expected to grow from 18,500 vehicles a day in 2016 to 26,500 by 2025, the Gordie Howe International Bridge will provide an orderly flow of people and goods between the two countries. Transport Canada retained the engineering firms, Morrison Hershfield, Davis Langdon, and Delcan to develop cost estimates for right of way and utility relocation; design and construction; and operation and maintenance on the Canadian side of the crossing.

Artwork

The project will include several pieces of public art. During construction, artworks by local artists were placed on the jump forms within which the bridge towers were built. The art on the Canadian bridge tower was undertaken by artists from Walpole Island First Nation and Caldwell First Nation, with the art on the American bridge tower undertaken by Roberto Villalobos, an artist from Southwest Detroit. Following removal, the murals were subsequently donated to organisations and municipalities on both sides of the river.

On the outside of a maintenance building, Canadian artist Sara Graham designed On the Other Side of Tomorrow, with cast concrete patterns that represent natural and urban features. Aazhoge, a 3 m high sculpture of tree bark by Anishinaabe artist Michael Belmore recognizes and celebrates First Nations, visible as traffic enters and leaves the Canadian Port of Entry.

Other artworks are being developed, with Canadian artist Jordan Sook commissioned to create an artwork to commemorate the Underground Railroad. Sook was chosen from a selection of Canadian artists from the Black, African and Caribbean diaspora. Canadian artist Douglas Coupland has been commissioned to provide architectural lighting for the bridge.

Connections

Highway 401 (Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway)

Main article: Ontario_Highway_401#Rt._Hon._Herb_Gray_Parkway

In Canada, the bridge constitutes the new western terminus of Ontario Highway 401. Until 2015, Highway 401 ended on the outskirts of Windsor at Highway 3 (Talbot Road). The bridge will connect to an extension of Highway 401, locally named the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway, on its east side. The parkway is below-grade and has six through-lanes. The parkway follows (but does not replace) Highway 3 (Talbot Road and Huron Church Road) from a new interchange at the former end of Highway 401 to the E. C. Row Expressway, where it runs concurrently westward for 2 km. From there, it turns northwest and follows a new alignment to the border. The parkway also features 300 acres of green space and over 20 km of recreational trails, with seven bridges and two tunnels separating the trails from roads. Full construction of the parkway began in 2011, and was completed in November 2015 at a cost of .

Construction of the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway that links to the bridge on the Canadian side was hampered by concerns it could affect Ontario's last known habitat of Butler's garter snakes. During the construction process, biologists relocated the snakes (including eastern fox snakes, and the garters—of which there were a larger number than originally thought), with their new habitats protected by a specially designed above and below-ground fencing system along affected portions of the E. C. Row Expressway.

Interstate 75

In the United States, the existing routing of Interstate 75 remains unchanged (in contrast to the Canadian side where the bridge serves as the new terminus of an extended Highway 401). However, an unsigned spur route was constructed from the bridge to a semi-directional T interchange with access ramps to both directions of Interstate 75. Along with this new interchange, 3 km of Interstate 75 was rebuilt and widened, local roads were improved and new pedestrian bridges added. Noise walls were also built to mitigate impacts to the Southwest Detroit neighbourhood.

Walking and biking

In March 2017, WDBA announced that the design requirements for the Gordie Howe International Bridge Project would include a dedicated multi-use path that will accommodate pedestrians and cyclists. This multi-use path will be the first non special event, legal pedestrian crossing of the Detroit River, connecting to local streets and trails on both of its sides. The bridge will be part of the Trans Canada Trail, linking trail networks on both sides of the river including the Canadian Great Lakes Waterfront Trail, as well as the American Iron Belle Trail and the Great Lakes Way. There will be customs facilities in both countries that are convenient and dedicated to the processing of travelers by foot or bicycle to prevent interacting with border vehicle traffic. Crossing the bridge on foot or cycle will be free of tolls.

Community benefits

Alongside the construction of the bridge, million was allocated to various community benefit projects in both the United States and Canada. Projects included support for local community groups, improvements to local parks and trails, and improvements to local streets. Grants were also awarded for home improvements in Delray, and to Walpole Island First Nation.

Contractors were also encouraged to employ residents of Detroit and Windsor, and the wider Metro Detroit and Essex County areas, alongside work to provide apprenticeships and training to workers.

Opposition

The most vocal opposition to the new crossing came from American billionaire Manuel "Matty" Moroun (1927–2020), owner of the nearby Ambassador Bridge. He sued the governments of Canada and Michigan to stop its construction, and released a proposal to build a second span of the Ambassador Bridge (which he would have owned) instead. Critics suggest that Moroun's opposition was fueled by the prospect of lost profits from duty-free gasoline sales, which are exempt from about 60 cents per gallon in taxes even though the pump price to consumers is only a few cents lower.

In early June 2011, the conservative advocacy group Americans for Prosperity posted bogus eviction notices on homes in Detroit's Delray district. With the words "Eviction Notice" in large type, the notices told homeowners their properties could be taken by the Michigan Department of Transportation to make way for the proposed new bridge. The group's state director said the fake notices were intended to get residents to contact state lawmakers, to ask them to vote against the bridge project. Americans for Prosperity charged that the project would be a waste of taxpayer money if toll revenues did not cover debt service.

In July 2011, the Canadian Transit Company, the Canadian side of Moroun ownership of the Ambassador Bridge, began running advertisements against the DRIC proposal, calling it a "$2.2 billion road to nowhere". The phone number listed for Canadian Transit Company forwarded to a phone number in Michigan, and the Canadian Transit Company previously held its 2011 annual meeting at the offices of the Detroit International Bridge Company. MPP Dwight Duncan advised that he was investigating whether or not the ads violated Ontario's election laws, which disallow public spending by foreign lobbyists.

In 2012, Moroun spent more than promoting a proposed amendment to the Michigan Constitution that, had it passed, would have required approval of both the voters of Detroit and the voters of Michigan in statewide elections to build the bridge. NPR affiliate network Michigan Public aired a story on November 2, four days before the vote, which indicated the amendment's "seemingly neutral language masks a very specific—and bitter—political battle". The ballot proposal was defeated by a 60 percent to 40 percent margin, paving the way for the project to proceed.

In the 2010s, Moroun undertook several lawsuits alleging that the 2013 crossing agreement was illegal (and should not have been approved by the U.S. State Department), as well as alleging that they had exclusive rights to a span connecting Detroit to Windsor. In 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear a challenge by Moroun regarding the choice of location for the bridge. In June 2016, the last of these lawsuits by Moroun was dismissed, allowing the project to continue.

In 2018, the company aired television ads on Fox & Friends asking President Donald Trump to cancel the project. Instead, in December 2019, Trump signed the first U.S. funding, allocating up to $15 million, for customs and border protection for the bridge into law. In May 2018, the Michigan Court of Appeals ruled against Moroun's attempt to stop expropriations on the Michigan side of the river, allowing construction of the bridge to begin. Further efforts by Moroun to prevent construction were denied in June 2020.

In July 2020, Matty Moroun died aged 93, with his family maintaining their ownership of the Ambassador Bridge. In 2022, the Detroit Free Press reported that Moroun's family were preparing a case for damages, following the acquisition of properties by eminent domain for bridge construction.

Naming

Snyder stated that he had "not [been] crazy" about naming the bridge the Detroit River International Crossing, noting that "DRIC" was intended only to be the name of the commission sponsoring the bridge, and not the bridge itself. Concerns were also acknowledged that the abbreviated name was too close to that of the Detroit International Bridge Company (DIBC)—that would be too sensitive given its objections to the project. It was under the NITC name that the project was approved by the U.S. State Department on April 12, 2013.

In late 2010, David Bradley, president of the Ontario Trucking Association, proposed naming the bridge in honor of Canadian professional ice hockey player Gordie Howe, who played the bulk of his career for the Detroit Red Wings. The naming was supported by a number of Canadian politicians, along with Howe's son Marty—who felt the name would have been symbolic of him having come from Canada to spend the bulk of his NHL career in Detroit.

On May 14, 2015, during an event attended by then-Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, it was officially announced that the bridge would be known as the Gordie Howe International Bridge. Howe, 87 and in ailing health, did not attend the ceremony. Later, when asked by his son what he thought about the naming, Howe remarked "That sounds pretty good to me." Howe died one year later on June 10, 2016, two years before construction began.

References

References

1. "Gordie Howe Bridge By the Numbers".
2. Battagello, Dave. (April 12, 2013). "New Detroit crossing seven years away". [[Windsor Star]].
3. (1987). "The Ambassador Bridge: A Monument to Progress". Wayne State University Press.
4. (2005–2007). "Finding aid for Ambassador Bridge Records, 1927–1930". [[University of Michigan]].
5. (Winter 2015). "Chapter 4: The Watery Boundary". The Center for Land Use Interpretation.
6. (November 6, 2012). "Michigan voters could nix new bridge to Canada".
7. (March 5, 2021). "Road Transportation". [[Transport Canada]].
8. Staff. (July 12, 2012). "The Proposed New US-Canada Bridge: Guide to the Controversy". [[Detroit Free Press]].
9. Lawrence, Eric. (October 15, 2015). "Ambassador Bridge rains concrete chunks down on Windsor". [[Detroit Free Press]].
10. Jarvis, Anne. (November 2, 2017). "Jarvis: Ambassador Bridge wants to be connected to the parkway".
11. "Chronology".
12. Detroit River International Crossing Study team. "DRIC Reports (Canada)". Detroit River International Crossing Project.
13. Chen, Dalson. (January 3, 2013). "What To Nickname the Herb Gray Parkway?". Windsor Star.
14. Detroit River International Crossing Study Team. (May 1, 2008). "Parkway Map".
15. "A Resolution to Support the construction of the new Detroit River International Crossing between the United States and Canada".
16. Samuel, Peter. (June 10, 2010). "Michigan Senate Leader Says: No $#s on DRIC Bridge, No Vote". TollRoadNews.
17. Christoff, Chris. (January 19, 2011). "Snyder Backs 2nd Bridge for First Time". Detroit Free Press.
18. Schmidt, Doug. (August 16, 2011). "Sides Remain Entrenched After Cross-Border Tour: Vote for Public Bridge Would Fail Today, Says Michigan Senator". Windsor Star.
19. Edmonson, R.G.. (October 20, 2011). "Plan for Detroit–Windsor, Ont., Bridge Dealt Blow". [[The Journal of Commerce]].
20. Tencer, Daniel. (November 21, 2011). "Canada–U.S. Trade: Michigan Senate Committee Kills New Border Crossing". [[Huffington Post]].
21. Mann, Bill. (November 24, 2011). "Americans Should Be Thankful for Canada". MarketWatch.
22. Savage, Luiza Ch.. (November 21, 2011). "The U.S. and Canada: We Used To Be Friends".
23. Mann, Bill. (December 6, 2011). "A Bridge Too Difficult by Far". MarketWatch.
24. (June 15, 2012). "Canada, Michigan announce new Detroit-Windsor bridge". Reuters.
25. (June 15, 2012). "$1B Windsor–Detroit Bridge Deal Struck". CBC News.
26. "Community Benefits".
27. Battagello, Dave. (April 12, 2013). "Michigan Governor Snyder Confirms Permit for DRIC Approved". Windsor Star.
28. (April 12, 2013). "New Windsor–Detroit bridge gets Obama's OK". CBC News.
29. (April 12, 2013). "Issuance of Presidential Permit for New International Trade Crossing". [[United States Department of State]].
30. (31 July 2014). "DRIC bridge executive teams loaded with financial expertise, but nobody local". Windsor Star.
31. Battagello, Dave. (May 22, 2013). "Canada to start buying property in Delray for DRIC bridge". Windsor Star.
32. "$250M U.S. customs plaza to be paid for by Canada". CBC News.
33. (February 18, 2015). "Deal for new customs plaza in Detroit announced". Detroit Free Press.
34. (January 4, 2016). "Gordie Howe bridge costs skyrocketing thanks to tumbling loonie". Windsor Star.
35. (April 28, 2017). "Gordie Howe Bridge Authority ready to take on Moroun over land needed for crossing".
36. (July 10, 2016). "Gordie Howe bridge faces delays on both sides of border". CBC News.
37. Kurth, Joel. (May 3, 2018). "A new bridge is dawning in Detroit. Matty Moroun isn't the only one unhappy.". Michigan Radio.
38. (July 28, 2016). "Canada should consider buying Ambassador Bridge, Ottawa told". CBC News.
39. Battagello, Dave. (February 13, 2017). "Howe bridge highlighted during Trudeau-Trump meeting". Windsor Star.
40. (January 30, 2018). "Trump makes $137bn list of "emergency" infrastructure schemes, all needing private finance". Global Construction Review.
41. Runyan, Robin. (June 23, 2017). "City sells land in Delray for Gordie Howe International Bridge".
42. (May 10, 2018). "Appeal to stop Gordie Howe Bridge project fails in Michigan court". CBC News.
43. Chen, Dalsen. (July 5, 2018). "Bridging North America will build Gordie Howe International Bridge". Windsor Star.
44. "Bridging North America".
45. (July 5, 2018). "Gordie Howe bridge will be the longest cable-stayed bridge in North America". CBC News.
46. (September 27, 2018). "Gordie Howe International Bridge to cost $5.7B, create 2,500 jobs".
47. Fraser, Kaitie. (July 17, 2018). "Canada's infrastructure minister, Mich. governor break ground on Gordie Howe International Bridge".
48. Gallagher, John. (July 17, 2018). "Gov. Snyder on Gordie Howe bridge start today: 'We need this bridge'". Detroit Free Press.
49. (September 28, 2018). "$3.8B to build Gordie Howe bridge, complete by end of 2024". CBC News.
50. (April 15, 2019). "WDBA says land on Michigan side of Gordie Howe bridge is contaminated".
51. (June 13, 2019). "Republicans reverse earlier proposal to stop Michigan spending on Gordie Howe Bridge".
52. (June 14, 2019). "$20M in community benefits for Windsor, Detroit announced as part of Gordie Howe Bridge Project".
53. Jr, Dave Bartkowiak. (January 9, 2020). "Gordie Howe International Bridge project includes 5 new pedestrian bridges".
54. Chernos, Saul. (August 12, 2020). "Spanning the border: COVID-19 may be a game-changer, but hasn't halted progress at Gordie Howe bridge".
55. Borrelli, Melanie. (September 28, 2020). "'We have not slowed down': Gordie Howe bridge project progresses during pandemic".
56. Garton, Rich. (January 4, 2021). "Banner year expected as tower construction begins on Gordie Howe Bridge".
57. (March 9, 2022). "Gordie Howe Bridge reaches construction milestone, as officials announce details for Sandwich Street improvements".
58. (November 30, 2022). "Gordie Howe Bridge completion date likely in 2025, later than initial estimates: officials".
59. Battagello, Dave. (May 10, 2023). "Support cables going up as Gordie Howe bridge work progresses".
60. Battagello, Dave. (August 30, 2023). "Completion of Gordie Howe bridge reaches another milestone".
61. Maluske, Michelle. (December 9, 2023). "Gordie Howe International Bridge construction reaches 'significant' milestone".
62. Vicci, Gino. (October 19, 2023). "Gordie Howe International Bridge on schedule for completion – CBS Detroit".
63. (January 4, 2024). "New bridge connecting Detroit to Canada won't open until fall 2025".
64. Saylors, Kathleen. (4 January 2024). "Canadian government will foot extra $700M in Gordie Howe bridge delays". CBC News.
65. (June 14, 2024). "Crews complete final edge girder installation connecting both halves of Gordie Howe International Bridge".
66. Pevos, Edward. (June 18, 2025). "Major construction milestone reached in Gordie Howe International Bridge project".
67. Campbell, Taylor. (June 13, 2025). "Gordie Howe bridge to light up ahead of fall opening".
68. Davies, Natalie. (June 15, 2025). "Gordie Howe Bridge lights will be turned on for testing".
69. McMann, Kathie. (September 29, 2025). "Gordie Howe Bridge construction to finish in 90 days".
70. Welch, Adrian. (January 15, 2019). "Gordie Howe International Bridge".
71. (January 14, 2019). "AECOM to build the longest cable-stayed bridge in North America". [[Designboom]].
72. Hakimian, Rob. (October 24, 2023). "Future of Bridges {{!}} Detroit-Windsor cable stay bridge boosts US-Canada transport links".
73. (July 5, 2018). "Backgrounder".
74. "Project Overview".
75. "Michigan Interchange". Gordie Howe International Bridge.
76. Waddell, Dave. (September 9, 2022). "Binational trail system planned to be linked by Gordie Howe bridge".
77. Oosting, Jonathan. (June 17, 2010). "MDOT Report: Detroit River International Crossing". [[Booth Newspapers]].
78. (May 1, 2010). "Report to the Legislature of the State of Michigan Responding to Public Act 116 of 2009, Section 384". Michigan Department of Transportation.
79. Fraser, Kaitie. (November 28, 2020). "Indigenous art set to soar on Gordie Howe International Bridge project".
80. "Bridge Tower Artwork".
81. (February 15, 2023). "Artist shares vision with the world on Gordie Howe International Bridge".
82. Battagello, Dave. (June 18, 2023). "Indigenous artist commissioned for Gordie Howe bridge project".
83. Otterbein, Kate. (October 10, 2024). "Indigenous artwork to be incorporated into Gordie Howe International Bridge project".
84. (March 9, 2023). "Gordie Howe Bridge to feature art that commemorates the Underground Railroad".
85. (June 20, 2024). "Make a Joyful Noise: Commemorative Art Concept on Gordie Howe International Bridge Project Unveiled".
86. (October 24, 2024). "This iconic Canadian artist and author is creating a light show on Canada's new border crossing".
87. (October 24, 2024). "Renowned Canadian Artist Selected to Create Aesthetic Bridge Lighting Commission for the Gordie Howe International Bridge".
88. Detroit River International Crossing Study Team. (May 1, 2008). "Parkway Map". URS Corporation.
89. Battagello, Dave. (December 27, 2015). "New parkway trails to open amid much fanfare".
90. Pomerleau, Jason. "Herb Gray Parkway Trail".
91. Puzic, Sonja. (May 7, 2011). "Parkway Work To Start in August, MPP Says". Windsor Star.
92. (November 20, 2015). "Herb Gray Parkway construction work is all done, Transportation Minister says". CBC News.
93. "The Windsor-Essex Parkway".
94. (January 7, 2010). "Snake in path of parkway". Windsor Star.
95. Vander Doelen, Chris. (August 31, 2012). "Windsor-Essex Parkway One Year Later". Windsor Star.
96. "US Port of Entry and Michigan Interchange Ramp Construction".
97. (2022). "I-75 Noise Walls".
98. Gordie Howe International Bridge. (March 9, 2017). "WDBA announces cyclists and pedestrians to be permitted on Gordie Howe International Bridge".
99. Ellison, Garret. (September 13, 2022). "Bike, pedestrian path to Canada coming to new international bridge".
100. Kentner, Melanie. (February 9, 2024). "Gordie Howe International Bridge joins Trans Canada Trail".
101. Campbell, Taylor. (February 9, 2024). "Gordie Howe becomes first international bridge to join Trans Canada Trail".
102. "Community Benefits".
103. (June 16, 2021). "Gordie Howe Bridge donates another $50,000 to Detroit and Delray groups".
104. Campbell, Taylor. (November 2, 2023). "Gordie Howe bridge team unveils Malden Park observation area".
105. Maru, Sanjay. (March 9, 2022). "Gordie Howe Bridge reaches construction milestone, as officials announce details for Sandwich Street improvements".
106. Mann, Priya. (July 27, 2023). "Delray residents impacted by Detroit bridge construction can get home repairs for free – here's how".
107. (March 26, 2010). "Ambassador Bridge Boss Sues Canada, U.S". CBC News.
108. Bell, Dawson. (April 25, 2011). "Tax-Free Fuel Sales Are Bonanza for Ambassador Bridge Owners". Detroit Free Press.
109. Gallagher, John. (June 7, 2011). "Conservative Group: Fake Eviction Notices Were 'Meant To Startle People'". Detroit Free Press.
110. White, Joseph B.. (October 10, 2011). "Is Span Plan a Bridge Too Far?". The Wall Street Journal.
111. Christoff, Chris. (September 16, 2011). "Detroit Span Owner Keeps Canada Crossing With Koch Aid".
112. Avalon Consulting Professionals of Ontario. (April 2011). "CEAA Environmental Impact Assessment". Canadian Transit Company.
113. LeBlanc, Daniel. (July 20, 2011). "Are U.S. Opponents of Windsor Bridge Trying To Influence Election?". [[The Globe and Mail]].
114. Stamper, Dan. (May 14, 2011). "Miscellaneous Notices: The Canadian Transit Company". Canada Gazette.
115. (October 12, 2012). "UAW, Moroun Said To Be Allies in Battle To Block New U.S.–Canada Bridge". Detroit Free Press.
116. Cwiek, Sarah. (November 2, 2012). "In Michigan, A Contentious Battle Over A Bridge". Michigan Radio.
117. (November 7, 2012). "Transport Minister Says 'Path Clear' for Detroit–Windsor Bridge". CBC News.
118. Spangler, Todd. (June 21, 2016). "Judge voids last count in Moroun lawsuit against feds".
119. (September 30, 2015). "Billionaire Matty Moroun Largely Loses In International Bridge Dispute With State – CBS Detroit".
120. Spangler, Todd. (February 23, 2015). "Supreme Court turns down Moroun challenge to new bridge".
121. Spangler, Todd. (June 20, 2018). "Moroun TV ad asks Trump to pick America, reject Gordie Howe bridge". [[Detroit Free Press]].
122. Mauger, Craig. (January 2, 2020). "Gordie Howe bridge project scores $15 million in federal funds". [[The Detroit News]].
123. Livengood, Chad. (June 18, 2020). "Court of Appeals rejects Moroun challenges to Gordie Howe bridge project".
124. Gallagher, John. (July 14, 2020). "Manuel 'Matty' Moroun, controversial bridge owner and trucking magnate, dies at 93".
125. (August 18, 2022). "Moroun builds case for 'substantial' damages over his properties lost to competing bridge".
126. (April 21, 2011). "Supporting the New International Trade Crossing and Public Private Partnership Legislation". Detroit Free Press.
127. Wattrick, Jeff. (February 3, 2011). "Forget the DRIC, How About the Gordie Howe International Bridge?". MLive.
128. Noble, Chris. (February 8, 2011). "Gordie Howe Bridge Floated as New Span's Name". MarketWatch.
129. (May 14, 2015). "Gordie Howe International Bridge to connect Windsor and Detroit". CBC News.
130. Gallagher, John. (May 14, 2015). "'Mr. Hockey' gets his own bridge". Detroit Free Press.
131. "Snyder: Naming bridge after Gordie Howe a no-brainer". [[The Detroit News]].
132. (June 10, 2016). "Movement grows to rename arena Gordie Howe Arena". [[WJBK-TV.
133. (June 11, 2016). "Gordie Howe exposé en chapelle ardente". [[Le Journal de Montréal]].