Glacial River Warren

Geological history

Lake Agassiz was formed from the meltwaters of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Wisconsin glaciation of the last ice age. Agassiz was an enormous body of water, up to 600 – deep, and at various times covering areas totaling over 110000 sqmi. Blocked by an ice sheet to the north, the lake water rose until about 13,500 BP calibrated (11,700 14C uncalibrated) years ago when it overtopped the Big Stone Moraine, a ridge of glacial drift left by the receding glacier, at the location of Browns Valley, Minnesota. The lake's outflow was catastrophic, and carved a gorge through the moraine 1 mi wide and 130 ft deep, which is now known as the Traverse Gap. The channel through the moraine, between Lake Traverse and Big Stone Lake, is now crossed by the divide between the watersheds of the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson Bay. Its significance was recognized by designation as a National Natural Landmark under the Historic Sites Act.

From Traverse Gap issued Glacial River Warren. From its inception until final abandonment of Agassiz' southern outlet, this stream drained the meltwater of that lake to the Mississippi valley. The drainage was not continuous, as Lake Agassiz periodically had other outlets. The Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated and advanced with climatic variations and these changes in ice cover contributed to isostatic adjustments in the level of the land over which the watercourses ran. These changes in turn uncovered or blocked the lake's other outlets to the sea.

Course

While active this turbulent stream cut and eroded a bed up to 5 mi wide and 250 ft deep, leaving a valley which starts at Traverse Gap near Browns Valley, Minnesota, goes southeast to Mankato, then turns northeast to the Twin Cities. River Warren was joined by the comparatively small Mississippi at Fort Snelling, from which the valley continues northeast to present-day Saint Paul, where the massive River Warren Falls once graced the landscape. Over 1700 years this waterfall retreated upstream and undercut the Mississippi at the site of Fort Snelling. The falls then split. The Mississippi falls migrated upstream to form Saint Anthony Falls and create Minnehaha Falls in Minneapolis. The River Warren falls receded west in the Minnesota River valley until they reached an older buried river valley about 2 mi west of the confluence, where the falls were extinguished.

From Saint Paul the great valley goes southeast to Prescott, Wisconsin, where it is joined by the St. Croix River, itself once the outlet of another proglacial lake, Glacial Lake Duluth which occupied the western part of Lake Superior. From its confluence with the St. Croix the valley continues southeast along the Minnesota–Wisconsin border. River Warren's effects include the creation of bluffs along the valleys of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers, and contributed to the formation of Lake Pepin.

Disappearance

By about 9400 BP, the ice sheet finally retreated sufficiently far to the north that Lake Agassiz permanently took another outlet and receded below the level of Traverse Gap. River Warren then ceased to run. The Lake Agassiz area watershed now feeds the Red River of the North which flows north, ultimately to Hudson Bay. River Warren's upper valley in the Traverse Gap is now occupied by the tiny Little Minnesota River, which flows into Big Stone Lake and the Minnesota River, which follows the greater river's ancient bed to its confluence with the Mississippi River. These misfit streams occupy only a small cross-section of River Warren's riverbed.

Name

The hydrology of the oversized valley was first explained by General G. K. Warren in 1868. He made a detailed survey of the valley in his search for possible transcontinental railroad routes. In appreciation of this work, the glacial river that was the outlet of Lake Agassiz was named River Warren.

References

Notes

Sources

Books, journals and monographs

• (archived from original)
• {{cite web
• {{Cite book | author-link = | author2-link =
• {{Cite book
• {{cite journal |doi-access=free
• {{Cite book | url-access = registration
• Wright, W. E. (1990). Geologic History of Minnesota Rivers. Minnesota Geological Survey, Educational Series 7. St. Paul: University of Minnesota. ISSN 0544-3083.

Websites

• Aerial photographs of River Warren channel between the Twin Cities and Le Sueur, Minnesota, with diagrams and discussion of the glacial river.
• {{cite web

References

1. Fisher, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105220/http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher%20-%20River%20Warren%20boulders%2C%20Minnesota%2C%20USA%20-%20catastrophic%20paleoflow%20indicators%20in%20the%20southern%20spillway%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz.pdf ''River Warren Boulders''], pp. 348, 350.
2. "National Natural Landmarks – National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)".
3. Lusardi, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070203130249/http://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/MNglance/Mn_Quaternary.pdf ''Quaternary Glacial Geology''], pp. 3–4; Sansome, ''Minnesota Underfoot'', p. 175. The area actually inundated at one time was somewhat less.
4. Fisher, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105220/http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher%20-%20River%20Warren%20boulders%2C%20Minnesota%2C%20USA%20-%20catastrophic%20paleoflow%20indicators%20in%20the%20southern%20spillway%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz.pdf ''River Warren Boulders''], pp. 348, 350.
5. Sansome, ''Minnesota Underfoot'', pp. 174–75; Upham, [http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/govdocs/text/lakeagassiz/chapter2.html ''The Glacial Lake Agassiz''] {{webarchive. link. (2001-01-21 , pp. 14–17.)
6. "Ancient River Warren Channel". National Park Service.
7. Fisher, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105220/http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher%20-%20River%20Warren%20boulders%2C%20Minnesota%2C%20USA%20-%20catastrophic%20paleoflow%20indicators%20in%20the%20southern%20spillway%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz.pdf ''River Warren Boulders''], p. 351.
8. Sansome, ''Minnesota Underfoot'', pp. 118–19.
9. Waters, ''The Streams and Rivers of Minnesota'', pp. 226–28.
10. Ojakangas, ''Minnesota's Geology'', pp. 110–114.
11. Fisher, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105220/http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher%20-%20River%20Warren%20boulders%2C%20Minnesota%2C%20USA%20-%20catastrophic%20paleoflow%20indicators%20in%20the%20southern%20spillway%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz.pdf ''River Warren boulders''], p. 350.
12. [http://mrbdc.mnsu.edu/mnbasin/fact_sheets/valley_formation.html ''Valley Formation''].
13. [http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/sc10668.htm Gouverneur Kemble Warren Papers, 1848–1882]
14. Upham, [https://archive.org/details/glaciallakeagass00upha/page/n16 ''The Glacial Lake Agassiz''], pp. 7–8.