Gilbert Stuart

Biography

Early life

Stuart was born on December 3, 1755, in Saunderstown, a village of North Kingstown in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and he was baptized at Old Narragansett Church on April 11, 1756. He was the third child of Gilbert Stuart, a Scottish immigrant employed in the snuff-making industry, and Elizabeth Anthony Stuart, a member of a prominent land-owning family from Middletown, Rhode Island.

Stuart moved to Newport, Rhode Island, at the age of six, where his father pursued work in the merchant field. In Newport, he first began to show great promise as a painter. In 1770, he made the acquaintance of Scottish artist Cosmo Alexander, a visitor to the colonies who made portraits of local patrons and who became a tutor to Stuart.{{cite web |access-date = October 11, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110427163532/http://www.redwoodlibrary.org/notables/stuart.htm |archive-date = April 27, 2011

In 1771, Stuart moved to Scotland with Alexander to finish his studies; however, Alexander died in Edinburgh one year later. Stuart tried to maintain a living and pursue his painting career, but to no avail, so he returned to Newport in 1773.

England and Ireland

Stuart's prospects as a portraitist were jeopardized by the onset of the American Revolution and its social disruptions. Although he was a patriot, he departed for England in 1775 following the example set by John Singleton Copley. His painting style during this period began to develop beyond the relatively hard-edged and linear style that he had learned from Alexander. He was unsuccessful at first in pursuit of his vocation, but he became a protégé of Benjamin West in 1777 and studied with him for the next six years. The relationship was beneficial, with Stuart exhibiting for the first time at the Royal Academy in spring of 1777.

By 1782, Stuart had met with success, largely due to acclaim for The Skater, a portrait of Sir William Grant. It was Stuart's first full-length portrait and, according to a rival, it belied the prevailing opinion that Stuart "made a tolerable likeness of a face, but as to the figure, he could not get below the fifth button'". Stuart said that he was "suddenly lifted into fame by a single picture".

The prices for his pictures were exceeded only by those of renowned English artists Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Gainsborough. Despite his many commissions, however, he was habitually neglectful of finances and was in danger of being sent to debtors' prison. In 1787, he fled to Dublin, Ireland where he painted and accumulated debt with equal vigor.

New York City and Philadelphia

Stuart ended his 18-year stay in Britain and Ireland in 1793, leaving behind numerous unfinished paintings. He returned to the United States with a particular goal of painting a portrait of George Washington and having an engraver reproduce it and provide for his family through the engraving's sale. He settled briefly in New York City and pursued portrait commissions from influential people who could bring him to Washington's attention. In 1794, he painted statesman John Jay, from whom he received a letter of introduction to Washington. In 1795, Stuart moved to the Germantown section of Philadelphia, where he opened a studio, and Washington posed for him later that year.

Stuart painted Washington in a series of iconic portraits, each of them leading to a demand for copies and keeping him busy and highly paid for years.National Gallery of Art . Gilbert Stuart. Philadelphia (1794–1803). Retrieved July 31, 2007. The most famous and celebrated of these likenesses, the Athenaeum portrait, is portrayed on the United States one-dollar bill. Stuart painted about 50 reproductions of it. However, he avoided completing the original version. After finishing Washington's face, he kept it to make copies which he sold for $100 each. Thus, the original portrait remained in its unfinished state at the time of his death in 1828. An engraver at the US Bureau of Engraving and Printing, George Frederick Cumming Smillie, made an etching of the painting which was used on multiple banknotes. A vignette of the portrait appears on the 1899 2-dollar silver certificate, and the one dollar note of (1918 to 2023). United States one-dollar bills featured the image for decades (1918 to 2023).

The painting was jointly purchased by the National Portrait Gallery and Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1980, and is generally on display in the National Portrait Gallery.

Another celebrated image of Washington is the full-length Lansdowne portrait, now in the National Portrait Gallery. Its historical importance is almost matched by an early forgery based on it which was purchased for the White House. This painting was rescued during the Burning of Washington in the War of 1812 thanks to the efforts of First Lady Dolley Madison and Paul Jennings, one of President James Madison's slaves. Three replicas of the original portrait are accepted as by Stuart. Additional copies were painted by other artists. In 1803, Stuart opened a studio in Washington, D. C.

In 1800, Thomas Jefferson paid Stuart $100.00 for a portrait but never received it, because in 1805, Stuart painted another portrait of Jefferson over the 1800 portrait. In 1821, Stuart sent a copy of the 1805 portrait to Jefferson the so called "Edgehill" portrait. The original 1805 portrait became part of Jane Stuart collection until it was damaged in a fire in 1853. In 1937, Orland Campbell acquired the 1805 portrait and discovered the truth. In June 1959, Campbell had an exhibit at Amherst College of the 1800/1805 portrait and his reconstruction of the "lost" 1800 portrait. Campbell also published an account "The Lost Portraits of Thomas Jefferson Painted by Gilbert Stuart Recovered and Studied by Orland and Courtney Campbell" (1959).

Boston, 1805–1828

Stuart moved to Devonshire Street in Boston in 1805, continuing in both critical acclaim and financial troubles. He exhibited works locally at Doggett's Repository and Julien Hall. Predictably, he was sought out for advice by other American artists, such as John Trumbull, Thomas Sully, Washington Allston, and John Vanderlyn.

Personal life

Stuart married Charlotte Coates around September 1786; she was 13 years his junior and "exceedingly pretty". They had 12 children, five of whom died by 1815 and two others of whom died in their youth. Their daughter Jane (1812–1888) was also a painter. She sold many of his paintings and her replicas of them from her studios in Boston and Newport, Rhode Island. In 2011, she was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame.

In 1824, Stuart suffered a stroke which left him partially paralyzed, but he continued to paint for two years until his death in Boston on July 9, 1828, at 72. He was buried in the Central Burial Ground at Boston Common.

Stuart left his family deeply in debt, and his wife and daughters were unable to purchase a grave site. He was, therefore, buried in an unmarked grave which was purchased cheaply from Benjamin Howland, a local carpenter. His family recovered from their financial troubles 10 years later, and they planned to move his body to a family cemetery in Newport. However, they could not remember the exact location of his body, and it was never moved. There is a monument for Stuart, his wife, and their children at the Common Burying Ground in Newport.

The Boston Athenæum held a benefit exhibition of Stuart's works in August 1828 in an effort to provide financial aid for his family. More than 250 portraits were lent for this critically acclaimed and well-subscribed exhibition. This also marked the first public showing of his unfinished 1796 Athenæum portrait of Washington.

Legacy

By the end of his career, Gilbert Stuart had painted the likenesses of more than 1,000 American political and social figures. |access-date = July 16, 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006043550/http://www.gilbertstuartmuseum.com/gilbertstuart.htm |archive-date = October 6, 2010 He was praised for the vitality and naturalness of his portraits, and his subjects found his company agreeable. John Adams said:

Stuart was known for working without the aid of sketches, beginning directly upon the canvas. His approach is suggested by the advice which he gave to his pupil Matthew Harris Jouett: "Never be sparing of colour, load your pictures, but keep your colours as separate as you can. No blending, tis destruction to clear & bea[u]tiful effect." Although this is an exaggeration to avoid muddiness, Stuart's colors were remarkably fresh. At Stuart's best, he had an extraordinary ability to convey the impression of "luminous, transparent flesh" with color coming from beneath. The face seemed to be embued with life, while the beauty of its coloring conveyed a spiritual quality to contemporaries. Although uneven, he could produce astonishingly strong likenesses.

John Henri Isaac Browere created a life mask of Stuart around 1825. In 1940, the U.S. Post Office issued a series of postage stamps called the "Famous Americans Series" commemorating famous artists, authors, inventors, scientists, poets, educators, and musicians. Gilbert Stuart is found on the 1 cent issue in the artists category, along with James McNeill Whistler, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Daniel Chester French, and Frederic Remington.

Today, Stuart's birthplace in Saunderstown, Rhode Island, is open to the public as the Gilbert Stuart Birthplace and Museum. The birthplace consists of the original house where he was born, with copies of his paintings hanging throughout the house, as well as a separate art gallery in which are displayed several original paintings by both Gilbert Stuart and his daughter Jane. The museum opened in 1931. |access-date=July 16, 2009 File:GStuartgrave.JPG|alt=Marble plaque with an outlay of a feather linked to a piece of chain, and the name "Gilbert Stuart" carved on it.|Memorial tablet located in the Boston Common File:GilbertStuart ca1825 byJohn HI Browere.png|John H. I. Browere's life mask portrait of Stuart, File:Gilbert Stuart 1940 Issue-1c.jpg|

Gilbert Stuart's paintings of Washington, Jefferson, and others have served as models for dozens of U.S. postage stamps. Washington's image from the famous portrait The Athenaeum is probably the most noted example of Stuart's work on postage.

File:George Washington2 1861 Issue-10c.jpg|1861 File:George Washington 1861 Issue-12c.jpg|1861 File:George Washington2 1903 Issue-2c.jpg|1903 File:Washington 1954 Issue2-1c.jpg|1954

Notable people painted

This is a partial list of portraits painted by Stuart.

• Abigail Adams – Second First Lady of the United States, wife of John Adams
• John Adams – Second President of the United States
• John Quincy Adams – Sixth President of the United States
• Charles Humphrey Atherton – United States Representative from New Hampshire from 1815 to 1817
• John Jacob Astor – First American multi-millionaire, fur trader, art patron
• John Bannister – Owner of Bannister's Wharf in Newport, Rhode Island
• Commodore John Barry – Father of the American Navy
• Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry – Hero of the Battle of Lake Erie in 1814.
• [[File:Jane Stuart, Gilbert Stuart.tif|thumb|upright=1|Gilbert Stuart painted by [[Jane Stuart]], [[Gilbert Stuart Birthplace]]]] Ann Willing Bingham – Philadelphia socialite
• Horace Binney – Prominent Philadelphia lawyer
• Elizabeth Bowdoin, Lady Temple – wife of Sir John Temple, first British consul general to United States, 1785
• Hugh Henry Brackenridge – early American writer, Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice, and founder of the University of Pittsburgh
• Jean Baptiste Casmiere Breschard – Performer and theatrical impresario
• Rosalie Stier Calvert – Belgian-born heiress and mother of Charles Benedict Calvert
• Mary Willing Clymer – Philadelphia socialite
• John Singleton Copley – American colonial portraitist
• Thomas Dawes – Early American architect, builder, military leader, politician
• Horatio Gates – American Revolutionary War general
• King George III – King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 1760–1820
• King George IV – King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 1820–30
• John Jay – First Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court
• Thomas Jefferson – Third President of the United States
• Rufus King – a signer of United States Constitution
• Robert Kingsmill – Admiral in Royal Navy during American and French Revolutionary Wars
• King Louis XVI – King of France, 1774–92
• James Madison – Fourth President of the United States
• Samuel Miles – Revolutionary War General and Philadelphia mayor
• James Monroe – Fifth President of the United States
• Daniel Pinckney Parker – Prominent Boston merchant
• John Randolph of Roanoke – Virginia congressman and senator
• Joshua Reynolds – English artist
• Henry Rice – Boston merchant and Massachusetts state legislator
• John Tayloe III – Virginia planter, builder of The Octagon House in Washington, DC.
• Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney – the cities of Sydney in New South Wales and Sydney, Nova Scotia are named in his honor
• John Trumbull – artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War
• George Washington – First President of the United States
• Martha Washington – First Lady of the United States, wife of George Washington
• Benjamin West – American painter
• John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare – Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of Ireland
• Catherine Brass Yates – Philadelphia socialite
• John Bill Ricketts – Equestrian, leader of Ricketts' Circus in Philadelphia
• Elisabeth Merry – Wife of Anthony Merry 1805.

Portrait gallery

File:John Banister, Jr.jpg|John Banister, Jr., 1774–75 File:Christian Stelle Banister and son.jpg|Christian Stelle Banister and Son, 1774 File:William Curtis 1775, RHS Lindley Collections.jpg|William Curtis, 1775 File:Benjamin Waterhouse by Gilbert Stuart, 1775.png|Benjamin Waterhouse, 1775 File:William Woollett by Gilbert Stuart 1783.jpeg|Portrait of William Woollett, 1783 File:Benjamin West by Gilbert Stuart 1783-84.jpg|Portrait of Benjamin West, 1783–84 File:Gilbert Stuart Sir Joshua Reynolds.jpg|Portrait of Joshua Reynolds, 1784 File:JohnSingletonCopley.jpeg|American artist John Singleton Copley, File:Brooklyn Museum - Colonel Isaac Barré - Gilbert Stuart - overall.jpg|Portrait of Isaac Barré, 1785 File:Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) - John Philip Kemble - NPG 49 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg|John Philip Kemble, 1785 File:John Jones of Frankley.jpg|John Jones of Frankley, 1785, Birmingham Museum of Art File:Joseph Brant 2.jpg|Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, 1785, British Museum, London File:Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) - Sarah Siddons, née Kemble - NPG 50 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg|Sarah Siddons, 1787 File:1stEarlOfClare.jpg|Portrait of the Earl of Clare, 1789 File:Robert R Livingston by Gilbert Stuart.jpeg|Robert R. Livingston, diplomat and Founding Father, 1793–94 File:Gilbert Stuart - Catherine Brass Yates.jpg|Portrait of Catherine Brass Yates 1793–94 File:Entry (1).jpeg|Portrait of Henry Cruger, 1794 File:John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait).jpg|Portrait of John Jay, 1794, First Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court File:1794, Stuart, Gilbert, William Bayard.jpg|William Bayard, 1794, Princeton University Art Museum File:HoratioGatesByStuart.jpeg|Portrait of Horatio Gates, 1794, Metropolitan Museum of Art File:PeterGansevoortByStuart.jpeg|Peter Gansevoort, 1794, Munson, Utica File:Gilbert Stuart Admiral Robert Kingsmill.jpg|Sir Robert Kingsmill, Admiral in Royal Navy during American and French Revolutionary Wars File:Peter Stuyvesant (merchant).jpg|Peter Stuyvesant, New York landowner and merchant, –1795 Image:1795 JamesSwan byGilbertStuart MFABoston.jpeg|James Swan, 1795, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Image:Gilbert Stuart - Mrs. James Swan (Hepzibah Clarke) - 27.539 - Museum of Fine Arts.jpg|Mrs. Hepzibah [Clarke] Swan, 1808, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston File:George Washington 1795.jpg|George Washington, 1795, Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City File:Gilbert Stuart - Martha Washington (Martha Dandridge Custis) - 1980.2 - Museum of Fine Arts.jpg|Martha Washington, c. 1796 File:Gilbert Stuart - George Washington (The Athenaeum Portrait) - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=Detailed painting of head and shoulders of Washington. Over half of the canvas is blank.|Stuart's unfinished 1796 painting of George Washington, also known as the Athenaeum Portrait, his most celebrated and famous work File:George Gibbs.jpg|George Gibbs, 1798, Newport Art Museum, Rhode Island File:Abigail Adams by Gilbert Stuart.jpg|The second First Lady of the United States, Abigail Adams, c. 1800–1815 File:John Adams A18236.jpg|The second President of the United States,John Adams c. 1800–1815 File:James Madison by Gilbert Stuart 1804.jpeg|The fourth President of the United States, James Madison, 1804, Bowdoin College Museum of Art File:Dolley Madison.jpg|Portrait of Dolley Madison, 1804 File:Anna Payne Cutts by Gilbert Stuart 1804.jpeg|Anna Payne Cutts, sister of First Lady Dolley Madison, 1804, The White House File:George Calvert.jpg|George Calvert, politician and planter, 1804 File:Rosalie Stier Calvert.jpg|Rosalie Stier Calvert, Belgian-born heiress and wife of George Calvert File:Jérôme Bonaparte by Gilbert Stuart 1804.jpeg|Jérôme Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1804 File:John Carroll Gilbert Stuart.jpg|John Carroll, first Catholic bishop of the United States, , Georgetown University Art Collection, Washington, D.C. File:WashingtonAtDorchesterHeightsByStuart.jpeg|George Washington At Dorchester Heights, 1806, Boston Museum of Fine Arts File:Harrison Gray Otis By Stuart.jpg|Harrison Gray Otis, 1809 File:Gilbert Stuart Mrs Harrison Gray Otis.jpg|Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis, 1809, Reynolda House Museum of American Art, Winston-Salem, NC File:Gilbert Stuart - John Clark Howard d. 1810 (page 513 crop).jpg|John Clark Howard d. 1810 File:Gilbert Stuart - Major-General Henry Dearborn - 1913.793 - Art Institute of Chicago.jpg|Portrait of Henry Dearborn, 1812 File:Little Turtle.jpg|This lithograph of Little Turtle is reputedly based upon a lost portrait by Gilbert Stuart that was destroyed when the British burned Washington in 1814. File:Henry Rice MET DP208350.jpg|Henry Rice, Boston merchant and Massachusetts state legislator, c. 1815 File:John Trumbull Gilbert Stuart 1818.jpeg|American artist John Trumbull, c. 1818 File:John Quincy Adams by Gilbert Stuart, 1818.jpg|The sixth President of the United States, John Quincy Adams, 1818 File:Louisa Cathering Johnson Adams by Gilbert Stuart, 1821-26.jpg|The sixth First Lady of the United States, Louisa Catherine Adams c. 1821–1826, daughter-in law of John and Abigail Adams File:Gilbert Stuart Thomas Jefferson.jpg|The third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, c. 1821, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. File:Gilbert Stuart, James Madison, c. 1821, NGA 56914.jpg|The fourth President of the United States, James Madison, c. 1821, National Gallery of Art File:GSJamesMonroe.jpg|The fifth President of the United States, James Monroe, c. 1820–1822, Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City File:Gilbert Stuart - Bishop Jean-Louis Anne Magdelaine Lefebvre de Cheverus - 21.9 - Museum of Fine Arts.jpg|Portrait of Jean-Louis Lefebvre de Cheverus, 1823 File:Gilbert Stuart John Adams.jpg|The second President of the United States, John Adams, 1826 File:Walters Gilbert Stuart George Washington.jpg|George Washington, 1825, one of Stuart's many copies of the Athenaeum Portrait, Walters Art Museum

References

Bibliography

• {{cite journal
• {{cite book |url-access=registration
• {{cite book
• Park, Lawrence, John Hill Morgan, and Royal Cortissoz (1926). Gilbert Stuart : An Illustrated Descriptive List of His Works. New York: W. E. Rudge.

References

1. "Gilbert Stuart (1775–1828)". Worcester Art Museum.
2. His best-known work is an unfinished portrait of [[George Washington]], begun in 1796, which is usually referred to as the ''[[Athenaeum Portrait]]''. Stuart retained the original and used it to paint scores of copies that were commissioned by patrons in America and abroad. The image of George Washington featured in the painting has appeared on the [[United States one-dollar bill]] for more than a century[http://www.gilbertstuartmuseum.com/ Park, 1926, vol. 1, p. 15. He was baptised without a middle name but occasionally adopted the middle name "Charles" when in London, apparently to connect himself with the last serious Stuart claimant to the British throne. See Dorinda Evans, ''Gilbert Stuart and the Impact of Manic Depression,'' Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2013, p. 127. ]
3. "10-cent Washington". Smithsonian National Postal Museum.
4. "Gilbert Stuart Birthplace".
5. [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/stuart_gilbert.html Gilbert Stuart] {{Webarchive. link. (July 20, 2008 . [[ArtCyclopedia]]. Paintings in Museums and Public Art Galleries. Retrieved July 24, 2007.)
6. (1915). "The Old Narragansett Church (St. Paul's): Built A.D. 1707. A Constant Witness to Christ and His Church". Committee of Management.
7. "Gilbert Stuart". The Gilbert Stuart Museum.
8. "Gilbert Stuart".
9. Stuart's father owned the first snuff mill in America, which was located in the basement of the family homestead.McLanathan 1986, p. 13.
10. [http://www.gilbertstuartmuseum.com/index.htm Gilbert Stuart Birthplace] {{webarchive. link. (August 14, 2007 . ''Gilbert Stuart''. Retrieved July 28, 2007.)
11. "Gilbert Stuart, Newport and Edinburgh (1755–1775)". National Gallery of Art.
12. "Gilbert Stuart". Germantown, Portrait Artist.
13. Evans 1999, p. 10
14. [http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2005/stuart/london.shtm National Gallery of Art] {{webarchive. link. (September 1, 2007 . ''Gilbert Stuart''. London (1775–1787). Retrieved July 31, 2007.)
15. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033456/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2005/stuart/newport.shtm National Gallery of Art]. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
16. Christman, M., & Barlow, M. (2003). Stuart [Stewart], Gilbert. Grove Art Online. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
17. Christman, Margaret C. S. "Stuart, Gilbert." In ''Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online''. Retrieved October 1, 2012
18. [http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg59/gg59-39729.html National Gallery of Art] {{webarchive. link. (November 29, 2014 .''The Skater (Portrait of William Grant), 1782''. Retrieved November 23, 2014.)
19. [http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2005/stuart/dublin.shtm National Gallery of Art] {{webarchive. link. (June 9, 2007 . ''Gilbert Stuart''. Dublin (1787–1793). Retrieved July 31, 2007.)
20. Park et al. (1926), p. 44.
21. "Gilbert Stuart – Washington". americanrevolution.org.
22. "George Washington". Smithsonian Institution.
23. [https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/artwork/george-washington-portrait-by-gilbert-stuart/ "George Washington Portrait by Gilbert Stuart"] {{Webarchive. link. (July 10, 2019 , www.mountvernon.org. Retrieved September 14, 2019.)
24. Wallechinsky, David and Irving Wallace. "Unfinished Art: Gilbert Stuart's Portrait of George Washington". Trivia-Library.com.
25. (December 19, 2023). "G. F. C. Smillie - Der beste Graveur seiner Zeit". geldscheine-online.
26. [http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/george-washington-34341 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, ''George Washington''] {{Webarchive. link. (August 9, 2017 Accessed December 12, 2014.)
27. [http://npgportraits.si.edu/eMuseumNPG/code/emuseum.asp?emu_action=collectionnpg&collection=4504&collectionname=NPGAmerica%27s%20Presidents&currentrecord=1&moduleid=3&newprofile=NPG&searchdesc=America%27s%20Presidents: National Portrait Gallery Collections Search, p. 9.] Accessed December 12, 2014.
28. [http://www.artnews.com/2004/10/01/the-white-house-washington/ Evans, Dorinda, "William Winstanley (fl 1791-1808): Gilbert Stuart's Shadow and a Swindling Genius]", ''The British Art Journal'', XX, no. 3, Winter 2019/2020, 98-101.
29. link. (September 15, 2012 Accessed: May 11, 2012.)
30. [http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2005/stuart/washington.shtm National Gallery of Art] {{Webarchive. link. (June 7, 2007 . ''Gilbert Stuart''. Washington, D.C. (1803–1805). Retrieved July 31, 2007.)
31. (1958). "The Case of the Missing Portrait". American Heritage Magazine April 1958 Volume IX Number 3.
32. "2 Jefferson Paintings go on Exhibt". Evening star. Washington DC [volume], June 12, 1959, Page C-10, Image 48.
33. (1813). "The Boston Directory". E. Cotton.
34. ''Daily Advertiser'', March 2, 1822
35. ''Boston Commercial Gazette'', December 1, 1825
36. Quote from Jane Stuart in Evans 2013, p. 14.
37. (October 22, 2013). "History Bytes: Jane Stuart". Newport Historical Society.
38. McLanathan 1986, p. 148.
39. McLanathan 1986, p. 150.
40. Wolpaw, Jim. ''Gilbert Stuart: A Portrait from Life (9-Minute Trailer)''. Documentary.
41. Swan, Mabel Munson ''The Athenæum Gallery 1827–1873: The Boston Athenæum as an Early Patron of Art'' (Boston: The Boston Athenæum, 1940) pp. 62–73
42. McLanathan 1986, p. 147.
43. Evans 1999, pp. 28, 56, 95-96 (quote), 105-06, 110, 118.
44. Evans 1999, pp. 27, 56. For uneven, see Evans 2013, pp. 18-19, 69-73, 82-84, 148.
45. Charles Henry Hart. Browere's life masks of great Americans. Printed at the De Vinne Press for Doubleday and McClure Company, 1899. [https://archive.org/details/browereslifemas00hartgoog Internet Archive]
46. Mason 1879, pp. 125–283.
47. "Elizabeth Bowdoin".
48. Fielding 1929.
49. "Red Digital de Colecciones de Museos de España - Museos".
50. Evans, Dorinda. (January 1, 2013). "Gilbert Stuart and the Impact of Manic Depression". Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..
51. (2007). "Jane Stuart".
52. Conley, Patrick T.. (2011). "Jane Stuart".