Giant's kettle

Formation

Giant's kettles are formed while a bedrock surface is covered by a glacier. Water, produced by the thawing of the ice and snow, forms streams on the surface of the glacier, which, having gathered into their courses a certain amount of morainic debris, finally flow down a crevasse as a swirling cascade or moulin. The sides of the crevasse are abraded, and a vertical shaft is formed in the ice. The erosion may be continued into the bed of the glacier. After the ice departed the area, the giant's kettle formed as an empty shaft, or as a pipe filled with gravel, sand, or boulders. Such cavities and pipes afford valuable evidence as to the former extent of glaciers.

Similar potholes are encountered in riverbeds and the Channeled Scablands scoured by glacial outburst floods.

Locations and notable examples

Giant's kettles are common in Germany (gletschertopf; glacier pot), Sweden (jättegryta), Finland (hiidenkirnu; hiisi's churn), and Moss Island in the United States.

In Sweden, they are found in relatively large numbers along the Bohuskusten as well as in the Stockholm area, and in Blekinge. For example, a giant pot can be seen under glass in the foundation of Solna's old courthouse in Hagaparken. There are also a number of giant pots on the island of Blå Jungfrun in northern Kalmarsund outside Oskarshamn. The Brobacka Nature Reserve, Sweden, located outside Alingsås between the lakes Mjörn and Anten, contains one of the country's most impressive areas with giant's kettles, boasting around forty excavations, where the largest one, with its 18 m diameter, stands out. The giant's kettles can be accessed via the Brobacka Nature Center, and the location offers views over Lake Mjörn.

Helvete in Gausdal Municipality, Norway, is a gill about 100 m deep with giant's kettles () up to 20 m wide and 60 m deep. The GletscherGarten of Lucerne (Switzerland) is famous for its giant's kettles, having 32 in number, the largest being 8 m wide and 9 m deep.

Another example is the large pothole found in Archbald, Pennsylvania, in Archbald Pothole State Park.

References

References

1. Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds. (2005) ''Glossary of Geology'' (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. {{ISBN. 0-922152-76-4
2. (July 1953). "Archived copy". Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society.
3. (2010). "Channeled Scablands: A Megaflood Landscape, in Geomorphological Landscapes of the World". Springer.
4. (15 February 2021). "Helvete (elvegjel i Gausdal)".
5. (1900). "Giants’ kettles eroded by moulin torrents". Bulletin of the Geological Society of America.
6. McGlade, William G.. (1969). "Archbald Pothole State Park, Archbald Pothole, Lackawanna County, Trail of Geology 16–003.0". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
7. Reese, Stuart O.. (2016). "Outstanding Geologic feature of Pennsylvania: Archbald Pothole, Lackawanna County, Trail of Geology 16–025.0". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.