Gestures in language acquisition

Signs versus gestures

Gestures are distinct from manual signs in that they do not belong to a complete language system. For example, pointing through the extension of a body part, especially the index finger to indicate interest in an object is a widely used gesture that is understood by many cultures On the other hand, manual signs are conventionalized—they are gestures that have become a lexical element in a language. A good example of manual signing is American Sign Language (ASL)–when individuals communicate via ASL, their signs have meanings that are equivalent to words (e.g., two people communicating using ASL both understand that forming a fist with your right hand and rotating this fist using clockwise motions on the chest carries the lexical meaning of the word "sorry").

Deictic gestures

Typically, the first gestures children show around 10 to 12 months of age are deictic gestures. These gestures are also known as pointing where children extend their index finger, although any other body part could also be used, to single out an object of interest. Deictic gestures occur across cultures and indicate that infants are aware of what other people pay attention to. Pre-verbal children use pointing for many different reasons, such as responding to or answering questions and/or sharing their interests and knowledge with others.

There are three main functions to infant's pointing:

1. Imperative – this type of deictic gesture develops first and children use it to obtain something (the speech equivalent would be saying "give me that").
2. Declarative – this type of deictic gesture develops later than imperative gestures and directs an adult's attention to an object or event to indicate its existence (the speech equivalent would be saying "look at that"). Declarative pointing is expressive and can be used by the child to draw attention to an interesting object and share this interest with another person. Declarative pointing can also be informative where the child is providing the other person with information. This type of gesture is typically absent in autistic children's gesture repertoires.
3. Epistemic – this type of deictic gesture also develops after imperative gestures and may develop at the same time as declarative gestures. These types of gestures serve as an epistemic request wherein infants may point to an object in order for an adult to provide new information, like a name, to an object (the speech equivalent would be saying "what is that").

The existence of deictic gestures that are declarative and epistemic in nature reflects another important part of children's development, the development of joint visual attention. Joint visual attention occurs when a child and an adult are both paying attention to the same object. Joint attention through the use of pointing is considered a precursor to speech development because it reveals that children want to communicate with another person. Furthermore, the amount of pointing at 12 months old predicts speech production and comprehension rates at 24 months old. In children with autism spectrum disorder, the use of right-handed gestures—particularly deictic gestures—reliably predicts their expressive vocabularies 1 year later—a pattern also observed in typically-developing children.

Once children can produce spoken words they often use deictic gestures to create sentence-like phrases. These phrases occur when a child, for example, says the word "eat" and then points to a cookie. The incidence of these gesture-word combinations predicts the transition from one-word to two-word speech. This shows that gesture can maximize the communicative opportunities that children can have before their speech is fully developed facilitating their entrance into lexical and syntactic development.

Representational gestures

Representational gesture refers to an object, person, location, or event with hand movement, body movement, or facial expression. Representational gestures can be divided into iconic and conventional gestures. Unlike deictic gestures, representational gestures communicate a specific meaning. Children start to produce representational gestures at 10 to 24 months of age. Young American children will produce more deictic gestures than representational gestures, but Italian children will produce almost equal amounts of representational and deictic gestures.

Iconic gestures

Iconic gestures have visually similar relationship to the action, object, or attribute they portray. There is an increase in iconic gesturing after the two-word utterance stage at 26 months. Children are able to create novel iconic gestures when they were attempting to inform the listener of information they think the listener does not know. Iconic gestures aided language development after the two-word utterance stage, whereas deictic gestures did not. Iconic gestures are the most common form of representational gesture in Italian children. Children will copy the iconic gestures they see their parents using, therefore including iconic gestures when measuring representational vocabularies increases Italian children's vocabularies. Even though the Italian children produced more iconic gestures, the two-word utterance stage did not arrive earlier than American children who produce fewer iconic gestures.

Conventional gestures

Conventional gestures are culture-bound emblems that do not translate across different cultures. Culture-specific gestures such as shaking your head "no" or waving "goodbye" are considered conventional gestures. Although American children do not typically produce many representational gestures in general, conventional gestures are the most frequently used in the representational gesture category.

Timeline of gesture development

Like most developmental timelines it is important to consider that no two children develop at the same pace. Infant gesture is thought to be an important part of the prelinguistic period and prepares a child for the emergence of language.{{Cite book

Augmentative and alternative communication

Not only do gestures play an important role in the natural development of spoken language, but they also are a major factor in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). AAC refers to the methods, tools, and theories to use non-standard linguistic forms of communication by and with individuals without or with limited functional speech. Means used to communicate in AAC can span from high-tech computer-based communication devices, to low-tech means such as one-message switches, to non-tech means such as picture cards, manual signs, and gestures. It is only within the last two decades that the importance of gestures in the cognitive and linguistic development processes has been examined, and in particular the gesture's functionality for individuals with communication disorders, especially AAC users.

References

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