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Generalissimo

Military rank of the highest degree

Military rank of the highest degree

The military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein in 1632 became the first imperial generalissimo (general of the generals) of the Holy Roman Empire. Other usage of the title has been for the commander of the united armies of several allied powers (such as Ferdinand Foch on the Western Front in 1918 or Joseph Stalin on the Eastern Front in 1945), or if a senior military officer becomes a chief of state or a head of government (like Chiang Kai-shek in the Republic of China or Francisco Franco in Spain).

The rank generalissimus of the Soviet Union would have been a generalissimo but some sources assert that Joseph Stalin refused to accept the rank. In fact the grade was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, which did not need the approval of Stalin. The rank of generalissimo for Stalin was used also by Western diplomacy.

In the 20th century, the term came to be associated with military officers who took dictatorial power in their respective countries, especially due to the Spanish leader Francisco Franco having this rank. As such, it is used in literature depicting fictional Latin American dictatorial regimes, for example Father Hilary's Holiday by Bruce Marshall.

List of ''generalissimo''s

Main article: Generalissimos

All persons listed here should be supported by a source which specifically refers to them by this title; unsupported names WILL BE REMOVED. --

PersonServiceCountryEraclass="unsortable"Notes

Notes

References

References

  1. (1823). "generalissimo". Archibald Constable.
  2. "issimus}}, French {{lang".
  3. "Online Etymology Dictionary". [[Online Etymology Dictionary]].
  4. "Define Generalissimo at Dictionary.com". [[Reference.com]].
  5. "Generalissimo – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". [[Merriam-Webster]].
  6. "Definition of generalissimo – Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)". [[Oxford Dictionary of English]].
  7. (1892). "Генералиссимус". F. A. Brockhaus ([[Leipzig]]), I. A. Efron ([[Saint Petersburg]]).
  8. Thomas Hobbes. (1660). "Chapter XVIII: Of the Rights of Sovereigns by institution".
  9. (2005). "[[Stalin: A Biography]]". Harvard University Press.
  10. S. M. Shtemenko. ''The General Staff in the War Years''. Moscow, 1985. Vietnamese version (vol. 2) . pp. 587–588.
  11. Сборник законов СССР и Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР (1938 — июль 1956) / Сост.: М. И. Юмашев, Б. А. Жалейко. — М., 1956. — С. 202.
  12. "Generalissimo Stalin (Hansard, 7 November 1945)".
  13. Marshall, B: ''Father Hilary's Holiday'' Doubleday & Company, New York 1965.
  14. "Adolf Johan".
  15. {{cite archive. George. Whitefield. (1903)
  16. Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 39. John Murray, London.
  17. Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 127. John Murray, London.
  18. Scott, Franklin (1935). Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon. P. 153. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  19. {{in lang. sv ''Ancienneté och Rang-Rulla öfver Krigsmagten år 1813''
  20. Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 4. John Murray, London.
  21. "Karl X Gustav".
  22. ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 4, 1926, pg.6.
  23. Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul). (1745). "The History of England". J. and P. Knapton.
  24. John McGroarty :''The Gray Man of Christ: Generalissimo Foch'' (1919) Los Angeles, Walter A Abbott
  25. (2006). "Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America". Berghahn Books.
  26. [https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19431018,00.html "Franco of Iberia"]. ''[[Time (magazine). Time]]'', October 18, 1943. cover.
  27. Pock, Johann Joseph. (1724). "Der politische, katholische Passagier, durchreisend alle hohe Höfe, Republiquen, Herrschafften und Länder der ganzen Welt". Brechenmacher.
  28. Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul). (1745). "The History of England". J. and P. Knapton.
  29. "Generalísimo Máximo Gómez, ejemplo de internacionalismo y genio militar".
  30. [http://www.biblioteca.tv/artman2/publish/1810_115/Comunica_Miguel_Hidalgo_su_proclamaci_n_como_General_simo_de_Am_rica.shtml Comunica Miguel Hidalgo su proclamaci n como General simo de Am rica] {{Webarchive. link. (September 23, 2015 . Documentos Historicos de Mexico, October 24, 1810.)
  31. (13 October 2009). "Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan". Harper Collins.
  32. (1985). "The Rule of Agustin de Iturbide: A Reappraisal". Journal of Latin American Studies.
  33. (1998). "The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660–1964". Public Record Office.
  34. (30 June 2009). "Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War". Harvard University Press.
  35. (1886). "Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands: Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1886". Black & Auld.
  36. (1898). "The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Rev. with Large Additions". Dodd, Mead.
  37. "The Daily Yomuiri, 29 September 2010, Kim Jong Un spotlighted / 'Heir apparent' promoted to general, makes DPRK media debut".
  38. (14 February 2012). "Late North Korean Leader Promoted to Generalissimo". [[Voice of America]].
  39. "The Australian, 15 February 2012, Late Kim Jong-il awarded highest honour by North". TheAustralian.
  40. Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul). (1745). "The History of England". J. and P. Knapton.
  41. "Menschikow und Stalin waren die einzigen Heerführer der russischen Geschichte, die sich 'Generalissimus' nennen ließen." [Menshikov and Stalin were the only military leaders in Russian history who declared themselves "''generalissimus''".] Jena, Detlev (1996): ''Die russischen Zaren in Lebensbildern'', Graz, p. 520.
  42. "Inauguration of the exhibition José María Morelos y Pavón. Generalissimo of Mexican America armies". Noticias – Dirección General de Asuntos internacionales – Secretaría de Cultura.
  43. Bletch Chirguh, ''La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes'', Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover, ''Ihsan Nouri Pacha Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes'' {{in lang. fr
  44. (2023). "Portrait of Prince Anton Ulrich von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1714-1774)". hermitagemuseum.org.
  45. link. (March 11, 2023 {{in lang). ru
  46. Linda Pomerantz-Zhang. (1992). "Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): Reform and Modernization in Modern Chinese History". Hong Kong University Press.
  47. Taylor, Jay. (April 15, 2009). "The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China". Harvard University Press.
  48. Stanley Walker, ''Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo'' (1955) Caribbean Library
  49. [[iarchive:ashorthistoryge06hendgoog
  50. de
  51. (2005). "George Washington's War: The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency". Sourcebooks, Inc..
  52. [[s:Public Law 94-479. Public Law 94-479 of January 19, 1976]] to provide for the appointment of George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States
  53. (June 18, 1927). "Chang Tso-lin Made Dictator in Move to Beat Back South". The New York Times.
  54. "Nossa Senhora Aparecida recebeu o título de Generalíssima do Exército em 1967".
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