Galeazzo Maria Sforza

Life

Galeazzo Maria Sforza was born in Fermo, near the family's castle of Girifalco. He was the first son of Francesco Sforza and Bianca Maria Visconti, the sole heiress of the Duchy of Milan. At the death of his father on 8 March 1466, Sforza was in France heading a military expedition to help King Louis XI against Charles I of Burgundy. Called back home by his mother, Sforza returned to Italy under a false name as he had to pass by the territories of the family's enemy, the Duke of Savoy, who made an unsuccessful attempt on Sforza's life. He entered Milan on 20 March 1466, and was acclaimed by the populace.

In his first years, Sforza and his mother ruled jointly, but he later expelled her from Milan.

Patronage

Sforza was famous as a patron of music. Under his direction, financial backing and encouragement, his chapel grew into one of the most famous and historically significant musical ensembles in Europe. Composers from the north, especially the Franco-Flemish composers from the present-day Low Countries, came to sing in his chapel and write masses, motets and secular music for him. Some of the figures associated with the Sforza chapel included Alexander Agricola, Johannes Martini, Loyset Compère, and Gaspar van Weerbeke. However, most of the singers at the Sforza chapel fled after Sforza's murder and took positions elsewhere, which caused a rise of musical standards in other cities such as Ferrara.

Assassination

Three principal assassins were involved in Galeazzo Sforza's death: Carlo Visconti, Gerolamo Olgiati, and Giovanni Andrea Lampugnani, all fairly high-ranking officials at the Milanese court.

Lampugnani, descended from Milanese nobility, was recognized as the leader of the conspiracy. His motives were based primarily on a land dispute, in which Sforza had failed to intervene in a matter which saw the Lampugnani family lose considerable properties. Visconti and Olgiati also bore the duke enmity; Olgiati was a Republican idealist, whereas Visconti believed that Sforza had taken his sister's virginity.

After carefully studying Sforza's movements, the three conspirators made their move on the feast day of Saint Stephen, the patron saint of Santo Stefano where the assassination was to be committed. Supported by about thirty friends, they waited in the church for the duke to arrive for mass. When Galeazzo Sforza arrived, Lampugnani knelt before him; after some words were exchanged, he rose suddenly and stabbed Sforza in the groin and breast. Olgiati and Visconti soon joined in, as did a servant of Lampugnani's.

Sforza fell dead within a matter of seconds. All the assassins quickly escaped save for Lampugnani, who became entangled in some of the church's cloth and was killed by a guard. His body soon fell into the hands of a mob, which dragged the corpse through the streets, slashing and beating at it; they then hung the body upside-down outside Lampugnani's house. The beheaded corpse was cut down the next day and the "sinning" right hand was removed, burnt, and put on display in an act of symbolism.

Aftermath of assassination

Despite the initial public reaction, the government brought swift justice, soon encouraged by the public as well.

The conspirators had given little thought to the repercussions of their crime, and were apprehended within days. Visconti and Olgiati were soon found and executed, as was the servant of Lampugnani who had participated in the slaying. The executions took place in a public ceremony that culminated in the display of their corpses as a warning to others.

Evidence from the conspirators' confessions indicated that the assassins had been encouraged by the humanist Cola Montano, who had left Milan some months before, and who bore malice against the duke for a public whipping some years before. While being tortured, Olgiati also uttered the famous words, "Mors acerba, fama perpetua, stabit vetus memoria facti" (Death is bitter, but glory is eternal, the memory of my deed will endure).

Issue

Galeazzo and his wife, Bona of Savoy had four children.

• Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1469–1494), who became duke upon his father's death; he married his cousin Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan and had issue.
• Ermes Maria Sforza (10 May 1470 – 1503), Marquis of Tortona.
• Bianca Maria Sforza (1472–1510), who married Philibert I, Duke of Savoy and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
• Anna Maria Sforza (1476–1497), who married Alfonso I d'Este.

With his mistress Lucrezia Landriani, he had four illegitimate children.

• Carlo Sforza (1458 – 9 May 1483), Count of Magenta and Lord of Casteggio. In 1478 he married Bianca Simonetta (1462 – 9 October 1467) and had two daughters, Angela (1479–1528, married Ercole d'Este, Lord of San Martino in Rio and had two children) and Ippolita (1482–1521, married Alessandro Bentivoglio and had seven children). His granddaughter, Violante Bentivoglio (1505–1550), married Giovanni Paolo I Sforza, who was the legitimized son of Ludovico il Moro, Duke of Milan, and Lucrezia Crivelli.
• Caterina Sforza (1462–1509), Countess of Fiorli and Lady of Imola, married three times: with Girolamo Riario; Giacomo Feo; and Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano. Reigned initially alongside her first husband and later as regent for their son, Ottaviano Riario.
• Alessandro Sforza (1465 – 29 September 1523), Lord of Francavilla. He married Barbara of conti Balbiani-Valchiavenna and had a daughter, Camilla and a son, Antonio.
• Chiara Sforza (1467 – 15 May 1531). She married first, Pietro II dal Verme, Count of Sangiatto and later Fregosino Fregoso, Count of Novi. By her second marriage she had two sons, Ottaviano and Paolo.

By his mistress Lucia Marliani he had two sons.

• Galeazzo Sforza (died on 28 September 1511). Captured in Soave by Federico Contarini, he died of the plague on the way to Padua.
• Ottaviano Maria Sforza (1475–1548) Bishop of Lodi.

References

Sources

• Belotti Bortolo. Il Dramma di Gerolamo Olgiati; Milano; 1929

References

1. "GALEAZZO MARIA Sforza, duca di Milano - Enciclopedia".
2. "GONZAGA, Dorotea - Enciclopedia".
3. ''Galeazzo Maria Sforza'', di Cesare Violini, 1943, p. 141.
4. Welch, Evelyn Samuels. (September 1989). "Galeazzo Maria Sforza and the Castello di Pavia, 1469". The Art Bulletin.
5. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/853871?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Welch, Evelyn S., "Sight, Sound and Ceremony in the Chapel of Galeazzo Maria Sforza". ''Early Music History'' 12 (1993): 151–190]
6. Tobias Daniels, Umanesimo, congiure e propaganda politica. Cola Montano e l’Oratio ad Lucenses, Rome 2015 (RR inedita 63. saggi).
7. [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]'s [[Florentine Histories]], Book VII Chapter VI
8. Ettlinger, Helen S.. (1994). "Visibilis et Invisibilis: The Mistress in Italian Renaissance Court Society". Renaissance Quarterly.
9. "Archivio capitolare della basilica concattedrale di Sezze".