Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris

Description

Fusarium oxysporum is a common soil inhabitant and produces three types of asexual spores: macroconidia, microconidia and chlamydospores.

The macroconidia are straight to slightly curved, slender and thin-walled, usually with three or four septa, a foot-shaped basal cell and a tapered and curved apical cell. They are generally produced from phialides on conidiophores by basipetal division. They are important in secondary infection.

The microconidia are ellipsoidal and have either no septum or a single one. They are formed from phialides in false heads by basipetal division. They are important in secondary infection.

The chlamydospores are globose and have thick walls. They are formed from hyphae or alternatively by the modification of hyphal cells. They are important as endurance organs in soils where they act as inocula in primary infection.

The teleomorph, or sexual reproductive stage, of F. oxysporum is unknown.

Symptoms

The fungus enters the vascular system of the infected plant via the roots. It produces enzymes that degrade the cell walls so that gels are formed that block the plant's transport system. Discolouration of the internal tissues progresses from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant, yellowing and wilting of the foliage occur, and finally there is necrosis.

It is possible to identify affected seedlings approximately three weeks after sowing as they display preliminary symptoms such as drooping and pale-coloured leaves. Later they collapse to a prostrate position and will be found to have shrunken stems both above and below ground level. When adult plants are affected, they exhibit wilting symptoms which progress from the petioles and younger leaves in two or three days to the whole plant. The older leaves develop chlorosis while the younger leaves stay a dull green. At a later stage of the disease, all leaves turn yellow. Discolouration of the pith and xylem occurs in the roots and can be seen when they are cut longitudinally.

References

References

1. "PaDIL".
2. Couteaudier, Y. and C. Alabouvette, 1990 Survival and inoculum potential of conidia and chlamydospores of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini in soil. Can. J. Microbiol. 36:551-556
3. Leslie JF, Summerell BA (2006) The Fusarium Laboratory manual. (Blackwell Publishing: Iowa, USA)
4. Brayford D (1998) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1113
5. Leslie JF, Summerell BA (2006) The Fusarium Laboratory manual. (Blackwell Publishing: Iowa, USA).
6. Nene YL, Haware MP & Reddy MV (1978) Diagnosis of some wilt-like disorders of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Information Bulletin No. 3.
7. Haware MP, Nene YL & Mathur SB (1986) Seed-borne diseases of chickpea. Danish Government Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing Countries, Technical Bulletin No. 1.