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Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)

Former fort in Tainan

Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)

Former fort in Tainan

FieldValue
nameAnping Old Fort
native_name安平古堡
partof
locationAnping, Tainan, Taiwan
nearest_town
imageFort Zeelandia, Anping District, Tainan City (Taiwan).jpg
captionWall of Fort Zeelandia
image2
typeFort
coordinates
pushpin_mapTainan#Taiwan#East Asia CJK
pushpin_mapsize250px
ownership
operator
controlledby
open_to_public
site_other_label
site_other
site_area
code
built1624
used1624–1662
materialsBrick and mortar
height
length
fate
current_commander
past_commanders
garrison
occupants
footnotes

Fort Zeelandia () was a fortress built over ten years from 1624 to 1634 by the Dutch East India Company (VOC), in the town of Anping (now Anping District of Tainan) on Formosa, the former name of central island of Taiwan, during their 38-year rule over the western part of the island. The site had been renamed several times as Fort Orange (奧倫治城), Fort Anping (安平城) and Taiwan City (臺灣城) . The current name of the site in Chinese means Anping Old Fort ().

During the seventeenth century, when Europeans from many countries sailed to Asia to develop trade, Formosa became one of East Asia's most important transit sites, and Fort Zeelandia an international business center. As trade at the time depended on "military force to control the markets", the value of Formosa to the Dutch was mainly in its strategic position. "From Formosa the Spanish commerce between Manila and China, and the Portuguese commerce between Macau and Japan could by constant attacks be made so precarious that much of it would be thrown into the hands of the Dutch, while the latter's dealings with China and Japan would be subject to no interruptions."{{harvp|Davidson|1903|p=13|ps=: "Still in those early days trade depended not upon the quality of the goods but upon the military force to control the markets. The Dutch consequently valued the island chiefly on account of its strategical position. From Formosa the Spanish commerce between Manila and China, and the Portuguese commerce between Macau and Japan could by constant attacks be made so precarious that much of it would be thrown into the hands of the Dutch, while the latter's dealings with China and Japan would be subject to no interruptions.

The first measure of the new government was to strengthen the defenses of the island. A temporary fort was at once thrown up on a raised sand kink at the entrance of the harbor of Taiwan. But as this structure was of little value it was replaced four years later by Fort Zeelandia (Zealand), a very large and substantial structure. Besides this a small stone redoubt known as Utrecht constructed on a hill "a pistol shot's distance" from its elevation commanded Fort Zeelandia. A second and smaller work called Fort Provintia was built at a subsequent date near the mouth of Formosa river not far distant from Fort Zeelandia. Both these structures were erected on the highest elevations in the vicinity, which enabled signals to be exchanged between them."}}

On behalf of the VOC, ships departing from Formosa could head north to Japan, west to Fujian, or south to Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Cambodia, India, Iran or Europe.

History

Arrival and settlement of the Hollanders

17th century watercolor of Fort Zeelandia

In August 1624, the Dutch were expelled from the Pescadores, having failed at their attempt to use military force to coerce Ming China into trading with them. Led by Martinus Sonck, who was to be the first Dutch governor of Formosa, they decided to move to Formosa to continue carrying on with trade, and after a day's journey, arrived at the settlement of Taiwan, or Tayouan. Although there were already 25,000 Chinese in the island, and their number increasing due to the war, they did not oppose the large Dutch force. Initially, trade was not as forthcoming as they had expected until, after the departure of Cornelis Reijersen (Reyerszoon) and his succession by Sonck, the Dutch and Chinese came to agreement on trade.

Stone monument marking "Anping Old Castle" (Fort Zeelandia)

As their first priority was to strengthen defenses, the Dutch built a temporary fort on a raised sandy bank at the entrance to Taoyuan harbor, off the coast of modern-day Anping District, Tainan. There existed a series of sandbars extended from south to north; the east side of such sandbars was known colloquially as the Tai-chiang inland sea.

Another smaller fort was built later, Fort Provintia, not far from Zeelandia. Both forts were at locally high elevations, which enabled the exchange of signals between them.

While of solid construction, the fort and its siting were not so much for the purpose of defense against a major enemy as they were for defending against the islanders and for overseeing trade. In addition, the site lacked adequate supplies of fresh water, which had to be shipped from the Formosan mainland. This later proved to be a critical factor in the ousting of the Dutch by Koxinga.

Koxinga's conquering and the Dutch surrender

Main article: Siege of Fort Zeelandia

On 30 April 1661, Ming dynasty-loyalist Koxinga laid siege to the fortress (defended by 2,000 Dutch soldiers) with 400 warships and 25,000 men. After nine months and the loss of 1,600 Dutch lives, the Dutch surrendered on 1 February 1662, when it became clear that no reinforcements were forthcoming from Batavia (present day Jakarta, Java, Indonesia) and when the defenders ran short of fresh water.

Under the Koxinga-Dutch Treaty (1662) signed on 1 February between Koxinga and Frederick Coyett, the Dutch governor, the Dutch surrendered the Fortress and left all goods and VOC property behind. In return, all officials, soldiers and civilians were free to leave with their personal belongings and supplies.

On 9 February, Coyett officially surrendered the fort and led the remaining Dutch forces and civilians back to Batavia by sea, ending 38 years of Dutch colonial rule.

After the siege, Koxinga took Antonius Hambroek's teenage daughter as a concubine. Other Dutch (or part Dutch) women were sold to Chinese soldiers to become their concubines.

Features

Design and layout

Fort Zeelandia included an "inner fort" and an "outer fort". The inner fort was a square, three-layer construction. The lowest was for storage of ammunition and food. The second features a blank wall. The middle part of each side has a semicircular protruding barrack to strengthen the defense. Above the third story was the administrative center, including offices, garrison and church, all of them independent structures. There were walls on the periphery, with a protruding bastion on each of the four corners, armed with cannons; a watch tower was set at the southwest bastion.

The one-story outer fort was rectangular, with bastions on the northwest and southwest corners, armed with several cannons. Inside the outer fort were residences, a hospital and houses; the plaza was the commercial area.

Construction details

Original wall of red bricks imported from Batavia and laid by the soldiers of the Dutch East India Company

Bricks were brought from Java and the mortar consisted of a mixture of sugar, sand, ground seashells and glutinous rice. The fort was designed to be surrounded by three concentric layers of walls and its four corners were built into protruding bastions for better defense. Its layout was typical of European forts of the 17th century. Inside was the military and administration center, church, garrisons, and jailhouse; outside was the downtown. Between the fort and downtown, there were market, slaughterhouse, gallows, execution ground and city weighing station.

Dutch bond was used for laying bricks to build Fort Zeelandia. It is created by alternately laying headers and stretchers in a single course to avoid gaps. The next course is laid so that a header lies in the middle of the stretcher in the course below. The Dutch bricks should have a 10-days kilning, the texture is solid and compact, and its color is red.

References

Bibliography

References

  1. "Zeelandia and Provintia". National Palace Museum.
  2. Samuel H. Moffett. (1998). "A History of Christianity in Asia: 1500-1900". Orbis Books.
  3. (1961). "Free China review, Volume 11". W.Y. Tsao.
  4. Jonathan Manthorpe. (2008). "Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan". Macmillan.
Info: Wikipedia Source

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1624-establishments-in-dutch-formosa 1662-disestablishments 17th-century-disestablishments-in-dutch-formosa buildings-and-structures-associated-with-the-dutch-east-india-company buildings-and-structures-completed-in-1634 dutch-formosa forts-in-tainan national-monuments-of-taiwan star-forts
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