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Fort William, West Bengal

Fort in Calcutta, India

Fort William, West Bengal
Summary

Fort in Calcutta, India

FieldValue
nameFort William
native_nameVijay Durg
locationKolkata, West Bengal, India
imageFortwilliam1828.jpg
image_size300px
captionFort William, a view from the inside,
pushpin_mapIndia Kolkata
coordinates
typeFortress, garrisoned and armoured army headquarters.
built1696–
used1781–present
controlledby{{plainlist
garrisonEastern Command
battlesBattle of Plassey (1757)
  • Bengal Subah (before 1757)
  • British East India Company (1757–1858)
  • British Raj (1858–1947)
  • Indian Army (1947–present)}}

Fort William, officially Vijay Durg, is a fort in Hastings, Calcutta (Kolkata). It was built during the early years of Britain's administration of Bengal. It sits on the eastern banks of the River Hooghly, the major distributary of the River Ganga. One of Kolkata's most enduring British-era military fortifications, other than those in Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chennai), it extends over an area of seventy hectares.

The fort was named after King William III. In front of the Fort is the Maidan, the largest park in the country. An internal guard room became the Black Hole of Calcutta. Today the fort is the headquarters of Eastern Command of the Indian Army.

History

Main article: History of Kolkata

A view of Calcutta from Fort William (1807)
Plan (top-view) of Fort William, c. 1844

There are two Fort Williams. The original fort was built in the year 1696 by the British East India Company under the orders of Sir John Goldsborough which took a decade to complete. The permission was granted by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Sir Charles Eyre started construction near the bank of the Hooghly River with the South-East Bastion and the adjacent walls. It was named after King William III in 1700. John Beard, Eyre's successor, added the North-East Bastion in 1701, and in 1702 started the construction of the Government House (Factory, see Factory (trading post)) at the centre of the fort. Construction ended in 1706. The original building had two stories and projecting wings. In 1756, the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj Ud Daulah, attacked the Fort, temporarily conquered the city, and changed its name to Alinagar. This led the British to build a new fort in the Maidan. Robert Clive started rebuilding the fort in 1758, after the Battle of Plassey (1757); construction was completed in 1781 at a cost of approximately two million pounds. The area around the Fort was cleared, and the Maidan became "the Lungs of Kolkata". It stretches for around 3 km in the north–south direction and is around 1 km wide.

Today, Fort William is the property of the Indian Army. The headquarters of Eastern Command is based there, with provisions for accommodating 10,000 army personnel. The Army guards it heavily, and civilian entry is restricted.

Much of Fort William is unchanged, but St Peter's Church, which used to serve as a chaplaincy centre for the British citizens of Kolkata, is now a library for the troops of HQ Eastern Command. A major part of the land parcel is home to the family of Army.

A war memorial has been created at the entrance of the fort, and the fort also houses a museum which displays artifacts from the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, especially those related to the battles in the Eastern sector and the Bangladesh Liberation War.

The fort was officially renamed to Vijay Durg, in honour of the oldest fort along Maharashtra's Sindhudurg coast, in 2025.

First Indian Masonic lodge

In 1730, Ralph Farrwinter and other members of the East India Company opened the first Indian Masonic lodge, a short time after the creation of the Grand Lodge of England in 1717.

Presidency of Fort William

Main article: Bengal Presidency

Structure

The Fort is built of brick and mortar in the shape of an irregular octagon with an area of 5 sqkm. Five of its sides face landward, and three towards the Hooghly River. The design is that of a star fort, suited to defence against cannon firing solid shot, and dates from before the advent of explosive shells. A dry moat 9 m deep and 15 m broad surrounds the fort. The moat can be flooded but is designed as an area in which to use enfilade (or flanking) fire against any attackers reaching the walls. There are six gates: Chowringhee, Plassey, Calcutta, Water Gate, St Georges and the Treasury Gate. There are similar forts at places like Thalassery in Kerala.

References

References

  1. Krishna Dutta. (2003). "Calcutta: A Cultural and Literary History". Signal Books.
  2. Sudip Bhattacharya, Unseen Enemy: The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617 – 1847, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 30 Jun 2014, p.54
  3. "Fort William Kolkata India - History of Fort William".
  4. Verma, Amrit. (1985). "Forts of India". The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
  5. "History | Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination and Services) | Government of India". Ddpdoo.gov.in.
  6. (16 December 2013). "Memories of 1971 Bangladesh War come alive in Army museum". Economic Times.
  7. (17 December 2013). "Indian Army to throw parts of Eastern Command HQ open for public". Economic Times.
  8. (2025-02-05). "Fort William, Army’s Eastern HQ, renamed Vijay Durg". The Hindu.
  9. [[Simon Deschamps]]. (2017). "Merchant and Masonic Networks in Eighteenth-Century Colonial India". L'Empire.
  10. Joseph F. G. Golder. "Freemasonry in British India (1728–1888)".
  11. Nandakumar Koroth, ''History of Forts in North Malabar''
  12. Grant, James. (1873). "British Battles On Land and Sea". Cassell & Company, Limited.
  13. (February 1824). "The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle". The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle.
Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

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