Foreign relations of Ukraine

Western relations

Ukraine considers Euro-Atlantic integration its primary foreign policy objective, but in practice balances its relationship with Europe and the United States while attempting to sever its considerable ties to Russia. The European Union's Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on March 1, 1998. The European Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions begin on an association agreement. The EU Common Strategy toward Ukraine, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999 in Helsinki, recognizes Ukraine's long-term aspirations but does not discuss association.

On January 31, 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe—OSCE), and on March 10, 1992, it became a member of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Ukraine also has a close relationship with NATO and has declared interest in eventual membership. It is the most active member of the Partnership for Peace (PfP). Former President Viktor Yushchenko indicated that he supports Ukraine joining the EU in the future. Plans for Ukrainian membership to NATO were shelved by Ukraine following the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election in which Viktor Yanukovych was elected President.

Yanukovych opted to keep Ukraine a non-aligned state. This materialized on June 3, 2010 when the Ukrainian parliament (Verkhovna Rada) excluded, with 226 votes, the goal of "integration into Euro-Atlantic security and NATO membership" from the country's national security strategy giving the country a non-aligned status. "European integration" has remained part of Ukraine's national security strategy and co-operation with NATO was not excluded.

Ukraine then considered relations with NATO as a partnership. Ukraine and NATO continued to hold joint seminars and joint tactical and strategical exercises. After February 2014's Yanukovych ouster and the Russian annexation of Crimea, the nation has renewed its drive for NATO membership. On 23 December 2014 the Verkhovna Rada abolished, with 303 votes, Ukraine's non-aligned status.

On July 30, 2014, the US Senate passed a bill that gives Ukraine, Georgia, and Moldova the status of non–NATO allies. Now, in the event of direct military aggression against these countries, the United States can bring its troops into these countries to protect them from external aggression.

Bilateral security agreements

]]

In early 2024, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, several allies of Ukraine signed long-term bilateral security treaties with Ukraine for many years to come (often a period of 10 years). They resulted from a declaration by the G7 countries at a NATO Summit in Washington on 12 July 2023, concluding the establishment of a framework of bilateral security agreements of long-term military, materiel and economic support for Ukraine's defence. The bilateral agreements prioritised strengthening Ukrainian air defence systems, artillery, long-range strike capabilities, armour, and combat aviation to fend off Russian military aggression. By 1 March 2024, 32 countries, as well as the European Union, had signed long-term bilateral security treaties with Ukraine.

• 12 January 2024: The United Kingdom signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 16 February 2024: France and Germany signed 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreements with Ukraine.
• 23 February 2024: Denmark signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 24 February 2024: Canada and Italy signed 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreements with Ukraine.
• 1 March 2024: The Netherlands signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 3 April 2024: Finland signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 11 April 2024: Latvia signed a 10-year bilateral security agreement with Ukraine.
• 27 May 2024: Spain signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 28 May 2024: Belgium and Portugal signed 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreements with Ukraine.
• 31 May 2024: Sweden, Norway and Iceland signed 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreements with Ukraine.
• 13 June 2024: The United States and Japan signed 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreements with Ukraine.
• 27 June 2024: Estonia, Lithuania and the European Union signed 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreements with Ukraine.
• 8 July 2024: Poland signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 10 July 2024: Luxembourg signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 11 July 2024: Romania signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 18 July 2024: Czech Republic and Slovenia signed 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreements with Ukraine.
• 4 September 2024: Ireland signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 9 October 2024: Croatia signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 17 October 2024: Greece signed a 10-year bilateral security and defense cooperation agreement with Ukraine, on the sidelines of the European Council in Brussels.
• 27 November 2024: The caretaker government of Bulgaria approved a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine. The signing of the agreement was however postponed until an unspecified date in 2025, due to the largest Bulgarian party (GERB–SDS) only giving their approval for a subsequent (yet to be formed) regular government to sign it, while they rejected the request to give approval for a caretaker government to sign it.
• 16 January 2025: The United Kingdom signed a 100-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 21 January 2025: Albania signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.
• 15 May 2025: Montenegro signed a 10-year bilateral security cooperation agreement with Ukraine.

Similar agreements and negotiations

In March 2024, South Korea and Ukraine began negotiating long-term bilateral security agreements, later that year signing "a five-year framework agreement for USD 2.1 billion to support Ukraine's reconstruction projects".

On 2 May 2025, Ukraine and the Republic of Korea signed an additional memorandum on deeper economic cooperation. In September 2025, Slovakia and Ukraine began talks on a bilateral security agreement.

In May and November 2024, the European Union signed "security and defence partnerships" with six countries, three of which (with Norway, Albania, and North Macedonia), contained an explicit agreement on "(continued long-term) support for Ukraine". The EU–Moldova Security and Defence Partnership of 21 May 2024 does not contain such a stipulation, but it does start by stating that both the EU and Moldova "face an increasingly challenging security environment inter alia due to ongoing Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine."

While Moldova and Ukraine do not have a formal bilateral security agreement (as of January 2026), the two countries have been closely cooperating in their efforts to accede to the European Union, to fend off hybrid Russian threats, or pro-Russian threats from the breakaway region of Transnistria. Increasingly, these take the format of trilateral cooperation between Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania, with the latter serving as a "bridge" to EU (and NATO) membership for the former two. By June 2025, when the three countries announced a "permanent coordination mechanism between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs", the trilateral framework (officially named the Odesa Triangle since August 2025) on issues such as energy and transport infrastructure projects, business, border customs, combating Russian disinformation, and strengthening sanctions against Russia, was described by GMFUS as a "mini-alliance of political and economic cooperation", although agreements on security issues had remained informal so far.

Relations with CIS states

Ukraine's relations with Russia had been complicated by energy dependence and by payment arrears. However, relations improved with the 1998 ratification of the bilateral Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. The two sides have signed a series of agreements on the final division and disposition of the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet that helped to reduce tensions. However, Ukraine cut diplomatic relations with Russia as a response to the Russo-Ukrainian war.

Ukraine became a (non-official) member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) on December 8, 1991. In January 1993 it refused to endorse a draft charter strengthening political, economic, and defense ties among CIS members, and completely ceased to participate as a member in March 2014. Ukraine was a founding member of GUAM (Georgia-Ukraine-Azerbaijan-Moldova).

In 1999–2001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Soviet Ukraine joined the United Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics. Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes. It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of Georgia.

Leonid Derkach (chairman of the SBU, which is Ukraine's security service, successor to the KGB) was fired due to Western pressure after he organized the sale of radar systems to Iraq while such sales were embargoed.

International disputes

Belarus

The 1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains un-ratified due to unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducing border security.

Russia

Delimitation of the land boundary with Russia is incomplete, but the parties have agreed to defer demarcation. The maritime boundary through the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and ongoing expert-level discussions. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin allegedly declared at a NATO-Russia summit in 2008 that if Ukraine would join NATO his country can contend to annex the Ukrainian East and Crimea. As of April 2024, Russia has annexed the Crimean peninsula and partly four other regions of Ukraine: Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia.

Starting in November 2013, the decision by Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych to back out of signing an integration agreement with the European Union started a period of civil unrest between Ukrainians who favored integration with the European Union and those who wanted closer ties with Russia. This culminated in the Revolution of Dignity. Russia took advantage of this political instability to annex Crimea in March 2014, though Ukraine still claims sovereignty over the territory by any kind of international law. Russia has also allegedly supported quasi-separatist forces in the war in Donbas. In December 2015 Russian hackers reportedly hacked Ukraine's power grids leading to a blackout and widespread terror.

On 24 February 2022, diplomatic relations were cut with Russia as a response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Moldova

Moldova and Ukraine have established joint customs posts to monitor transit through Moldova's break-away Transnistria Region which remains under OSCE supervision.

Romania

Ukraine and Romania have settled their dispute over the Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and the Black Sea maritime boundary at the International Court of Justice. The 2010 CIA World Factbook states that "Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea".

Investment promotion

State enterprise InvestUkraine was created under the State Agency for Investment and National Projects (National Projects) to serve as a One Stop Shop for investors and to deliver investment consulting services.

Dual Citizenship

In June 2025, Ukraine legalized multiple citizenship.

Relations by country

Multilateral

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

Ukraine and all UN member states in Europe, except Belarus and Kazakhstan, are members of the Council of Europe.

Oceania

Regional blocs

References

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