Foreign relations of Syria

History

Ba'athist Syria

Under the Ba'athist regime, diplomatic relations were severed with several countries, including Turkey, Canada, France, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, Mexico, Qatar, Georgia, and Ukraine. In 2011 and 2012, Syria was suspended from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Union for the Mediterranean and the Arab League.

Ba'athist Syria had close ties with its traditional allies, Iran and Russia. Other countries that maintain good relations with the Assad regime include China, North Korea, Vietnam, Fiji, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Philippines, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia Brunei, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Greece, Cyprus, North Macedonia, Czech Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro, Vatican City and Belarus. Syria was a candidate state of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).

Syria maintains relations with autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan. Syria has not recognized Israel since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Ba'athist Syria also didn’t have diplomatic relations with South Korea, but the Assad regime had diplomatic relations with Abkhazia and South Ossetia (two Russian-occupied territories in Georgia).

On 26 February 2023, Bashar al-Assad met with Iraqi, Jordanian, Palestinian, Libyan, Egyptian and Emirati lawmakers, as well as representatives from Oman and Lebanon after more than a decade of isolation in the region. Arab states contributed significantly to the relief effort after the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake. A week before, Al-Assad travelled to Oman for his first foreign visit since the quake. Syrian–Turkish normalization was also underway since 2022. On 7 May 2023, following these rapprochements, Syria was readmitted to the Arab League. While the earthquake facilitated these rapprochements, the main reasons for the readmission were the Syrian refugees in neighboring countries and the Captagon trafficking, two issues that needed Syrias involvement for being solved.

Post Ba'athist era

Since the fall of the Assad regime in 2024, it is unclear whether the new transitional government retained all of Ba'athist Syria's diplomatic relations. However, Turkey became the first country to re-establish diplomatic relations with post-Assad Syria, doing so on 14 December 2024. In December 2024, Qatar also re-established diplomatic relations with Syria.

In April 2025, Saudi Arabia increased its engagement with Syria by planning to pay off Syria's $15 million debt to the World Bank, potentially allowing Syria to receive grants for reconstruction efforts under its new government led by Ahmed al-Sharaa, who seized power in December 2024. The international community is cautiously observing al-Sharaa's government, particularly regarding its commitment to protecting religious minorities, though this move by Saudi Arabia signals a new level of diplomatic and economic engagement with the Syrian government after years of strained relations. In addition, other Gulf Arab states have announced plans to support Syria as well.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Syria maintains diplomatic relations with:

Bilateral relations

Africa

Americas

Syria has diplomatic relations with most Central and South American countries such as Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela.

Asia and Oceania

Syria's relations with the Arab world were strained by its support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq War, which began in 1980. With the end of the war in August 1988, Syria began a slow process of reintegration with the other Arab states. In 1989, it joined with the rest of the Arab world in readmitting Egypt to the 19th Arab League Summit at Casablanca.

This decision, prompted in part by Syria's need for Arab League support of its own position in Lebanon, marked the end of the Syrian-led opposition to Egypt and the 1977–79 Sadat initiatives toward Israel, as well as the Camp David Accords. It coincided with the end of the 10-year Arab subsidy to Syria and other front-line Arab countries pledged at Baghdad in 1978. Syria re-established full diplomatic relations with Egypt in 1989. In the 1990–1991 Gulf War, Syria joined other Arab states in the US-led multinational coalition against Iraq. In 1998, Syria began a slow rapprochement with Iraq, driven primarily by economic needs. In this period, Syria continued to play an active pan-Arab role, which intensified as the Israel-Palestine peace process collapsed in September 2000 with the start of the second Palestinian uprising (Intifada) against Israel. Though it voted in favor of UNSCR 1441 in 2002, Syria was against coalition military action in Iraq in 2003. However, the Syrian government accepted UNSCR 1483 (after being absent for the actual vote), which lifted sanctions on Iraq and established a framework to assist the Iraqi people in determining their political future and rebuilding their economy.

After start of the war in 2011, much of the Middle East condemned Syria's handling of the civil uprising, with only a few countries in the Middle East supporting Syria, most notably Iran, Iraq and Lebanon.

Europe

Main article: Syria–European Union relations

The Czech Republic and Austria were the only European Union countries which never closed its embassies in Damascus throughout the Syrian civil war. Greece and Cyprus re-established diplomatic relations with Syria and opened their embassies in 2021, making them the first EU countries to do so. Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania appointed a chargé d'affaires to their diplomatic missions in the country. In July 2024, Italy decided to re-establish relations with Syria, appoint its special envoy and chargé d'affaires to the country and reopen its embassy in Damascus. Following the fall of the Assad regime, Germany and France became the first European Union countries to visit Damascus. On 16 January 2025, Spain reopened its Embassy in Damascus. On 20 March 2025, Germany reopened its Embassy in Damascus.

Membership in international organizations

Syria is a member of the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization, Arab League, Arab Monetary Fund, Arab Parliament, Arab States Broadcasting Union, ALBA (observer), Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization, Asian Parliamentary Assembly, Association of Arab Universities, Bureau International des Expositions, Council of Arab Economic Unity, Customs Cooperation Council, Economic and Social Council, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, European Broadcasting Union (associate member), FEAS, Food and Agriculture Organization, Group of 24, Group of 77, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions, International Chamber of Commerce, International Development Association, Islamic Development Bank (suspended 2012), International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Finance Corporation, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, International Maritime Organization, Intelsat, Interpol, International Olympic Committee, International Organization for Standardization, IRENA (acceding), International Solar Alliance, International Telecommunication Union, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (joined 2013, suspended 2021), OTIF, Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean, UN, UN Commission on Human Rights, UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNESCO, UN Industrial Development Organization, UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, Union for the Mediterranean (suspended 2011), Universal Postal Union, World Bank, World Court, World Customs Organization, World Federation of Trade Unions, World Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Meteorological Organization, World Tourism Organization and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

Syria's two-year term as a nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council ended in December 2003. Syria was elected to the executive of the World Health Organization in 2021.

Arab League

Syria was temporarily suspended from the Arab League since the beginning of the Syrian civil war. Six of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf recognised the Syrian National Coalition as Syria's only legitimate representative on 12 November 2012, but Iraq, Algeria and Lebanon prevented the Arab League from following suit. On 26 March 2013, at the Arab league summit in Doha, the League recognised the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, as the legitimate representatives of the Syrian people. The National Coalition was henceforth granted Damascus' seat at the summit.

This act of recognition was opposed by Algeria, Iraq and Lebanon. On 9 March 2014, secretary general Nabil al-Arabi said that Syria's seat would remain vacant until the opposition completes the formation of its institutions. In late 2018, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco began lobbying for Syria's return to the League.

In December 2018, after American president Donald Trump announced the partial withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, some countries initiated reopening of their diplomatic relations with Syria. Diplomatic relations have returned with Iraq, Saudi Arabia (in 2023), Egypt (after 3 July 2013), Tunisia, UAE (after 2018), Jordan (after 2021), Lebanon (after 2021), Algeria, Mauritania (after 2018), Bahrain (after 2018), Libya, Oman, Comoros, Sudan (after 2018), Yemen, Somalia and Palestine.

Following the visit of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, the Arab League initiated the process of readmission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the organization, while the United Arab Emirates reopened their embassy in Syria on 27 December, and Bahrain announced its intentions to reopen their embassies.

After the devastating 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, the Saudis, Emirati, Algerians, Iraqis and Jordanians contributed significantly to the relief effort. A week before, Al-Assad travelled to Oman for his first foreign visit since the quake.

On 26 February 2023, President Bashar al-Assad had met with Iraqi, Jordanian, Palestinian, Libyan, Egyptian and Emirati speakers of legislative bodies, as well as representatives from Oman and Lebanon on behalf of Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union, to discuss further cooperation between the Arab states and Syria.

In early April 2023, Saudi Arabia had invited Syria's Assad to the Arab League summit, ending regional isolation. On 13 April 2023, Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad arrived in Jeddah to meet Saudi Foreign Minister Faisal bin Farhan. After frayed relations during the Syrian civil war, both nations now seek "a political solution to the Syrian crisis that preserves the unity, security and stability of Syria," according to the Saudi foreign ministry.

On 15 April 2023, foreign ministers of GCC+3 format met in Jeddah and discussed the return of Syria to the regional organisation and so called Arab peace plan.{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia and Syria discuss political solutions to latter's crises|work=Arab News|date=12 April 2023|access-date=13 April 2023

On 18 April 2023, Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan travelled to Damascus, met with Syrian President Assad and discussed further steps. The summit is scheduled for 19 May 2023.

On 7 May 2023, at the meeting of the Council of the Arab League in Cairo composed of foreign ministers, was agreed to reinstate Syria's membership in the Arab League.

Earlier, Kuwait and Qatar had opposed al-Assad's presence at the Arab League summit. The regional normalisation effort had caught the U.S. and its European allies by surprise, as they were opposing an "Arab-led political path" in solving the crisis. According to the statement, al-Assad would be allowed to the meeting on 19 May 2023, if "he wishes to do so". The new political process in Syria was described as the "Jordanian Initiative".

Nevertheless, Syria remains under international sanctions after millions of Syrians had been displaced or sought refuge in Arab and European countries during the war. The changes to the relations between Syria and other Arab States would allow many of them to return to their homeland, according to the announcements made earlier by Jordanian and Saudi officials.

International disputes

• Western Golan Heights with Israel;
• dispute with upstream riparian Turkey over Turkish water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
• separation of the Hatay State and subsequent incorporation into the Turkish state
• dispute with Turkey concerning the Turkish occupation of North Syria
• dispute with the United States over the American-led intervention and occupation of Syrian territory
• illicit drugs: a transit point for opiates and hashish bound for regional and Western markets, as well as captagon

Notes

References

References

1. Lister, Charles. (2023-07-31). "Normalizing Assad Has Made Syria's Problems Even Worse".
2. "The Gulf Shifts Policies in Response to the "New" Syria". Carnegie Europe.
3. "Assad Takes a Page Out of Russia's Book in His War Against Rebels". Haaretz.
4. "Arab League readmits Syria as relations with Assad normalise". Reuters.
5. (22 April 2019). "Al-Moallem Receives Credentials of Vietnam's Non-Resident Ambassador to Syria". Syria Times.
6. (19 May 2022). "Syria, Vietnam discuss cooperation, latest developments".
7. (11 June 2014). "President al-Assad receives two cables of congratulation from Presidents of Armenia and Sri Lanka on winning presidential elections".
8. (6 November 2018). "Lao President receives credentials of Syria's non-resident ambassador".
9. (5 June 2021). "President al-Assad receives congratulatory cables from leaders of Myanmar and Abkhazia".
10. (24 January 2019). "King of Cambodia accepts credentials of Mustafa as non-resident Ambassador from Syria to his country".
11. (20 April 2022). "President al-Assad receives congratulation cables on occasion of 76th anniversary of Independence Day".
12. (5 July 2021). "Philippines Embassy thanks Syria for its efforts that helped bring back 22 women of its nationals".
13. (22 November 2013). "India forming international will to combat terrorism imperative". Syria Times.
14. "Syrian TV – India stresses need for international will against terrorism".
15. (12 January 2016). "Ahead with Efforts to Combat Terrorism and for a Political Solution to Crisis". Syria Times.
16. (29 April 2013). "President al-Assad Sends Letter to President of Pakistan Delivered by Mikdad". Syrian TV.
17. (20 October 2021). "Mikdad receives credentials of Subhani as a non-resident Ambassador of Bangladesh".
18. (18 April 2021). "Update-President al- Assad receives cables of congratulation from presidents of Federal Russia, Belarus, UAE, Iran, Abkhazia, Palestine and king of Malaysia on Evacuation day".
19. (27 July 2017). "Syria, Indonesia discuss mechanisms to develop parliamentary relations". Syria Times.
20. (12 June 2014). "President al-Assad receives congratulation cable from Sultan of Brunei Darussalam on winning presidential elections".
21. (23 April 2015). "Armenian President: Syria will defeat terrorism".
22. (6 November 2019). "Syria, Kazakhstan discuss means to invigorate relations in different domains".
23. (24 September 2021). "Mikdad discusses with foreign ministers of Venezuela, Kyrgyzstan and Belarus relations and developments".
24. (18 September 2018). "Mongolian President pleased with Syria's success in clearing most of its territory from terrorism".
25. (4 October 2019). "Tajikistan to develop ties with Syria at various levels, Tajik envoy says".
26. "Bilateral relations".
27. (11 September 2019). "Hungary to appoint Syria diplomat in thawing of ties".
28. "Syria* Diplomatic Missions to Montenegro and visa regimes for citizens of Montenegro".
29. (5 April 2018). "Azzam Coveys Message from President Al-Assad to His Belarusian Counterpart on Bilateral Ties". Syria Times.
30. Nikola Miković. (26 February 2022). "Iran wants to join the Eurasian Economic Union – but will Russia allow it?". Arab News.
31. (20 May 2015). "Standard economic model set to evaluate influence of joining the EEU on economic indicators".
32. (1 August 2017). "Syrian minister to visit Kurdistan Region in bid to boost tourism ties".
33. (22 July 2018). "Syria, South Ossetia Sign Agreement on Establishing Diplomatic Ties". Syria Times.
34. "Syria's Assad meets senior Arab lawmakers in Damascus". Al Jazeera.
35. (13 December 2024). "Turkey appoints charge d'affaires at its embassy in Damascus".
36. (15 December 2024). "Qatar Announces Resumption of Embassy Operations in Syria from Tuesday".
37. commsmanager. (2025-04-15). "Saudi Arabia Increases Engagement with Syria".
38. "THE LONDON GAZETTE, 16 JUNE, 1942".
39. (1947). "Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947". Syria from Foreign Office files 1947–1956.
40. (1981). "Soviet Foreign Policy: 1945–1980". Progress Publishers.
41. "All Countries".
42. (1947). "World Biography – Volume 1". Institute for Research in Biography.
43. (2006). "Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku". Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie.
44. "CHILE: Relaciones bilaterales de Chile con el Mundo Árabe".
45. (1947). "Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947". Syria from Foreign Office files 1947–1956.
46. "Cria uma Legação nas Repúblicas do Líbano e da Síria. Decreto nº 19.901, de 13 de Novembro de 1945".
47. "Syrian Arab Republic".
48. "Acuerdo por Canje de Notas entre la República Argentina y la República de Siria sobre Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas".
49. (9 March 1946). "Turkey Accepts Syria, Lebanon".
50. (23 December 2023). "Belgisch staatsblad, Issues 121–150". 1946.
51. (2003). "Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho". Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores.
52. "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945". Diplomatie.gouv.fr.
53. "SYRIA".
54. Petruf, Pavol. "Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992".
55. (1947). "Diario de sesiones de la Asamblea General de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay Vol. 24.".
56. "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Decima Serie: 1943–1948 Volume VI (31 maggio – 14 dicembre 1947)".
57. Lleonart y Amsélem, Alberto J.. (1985). "España y ONU. La Cuestión española. Tomo III (1948–49). Estudios introductivos y corpus documental, Volume 3". CSIC Press.
58. "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol".
59. "Further correspondence respecting Syria part 3: January to December 1949".
60. (27 April 1999). "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater".
61. (1948). "The Middle East Volume 1". Europa Publications.
62. "Further correspondence respecting Syria part 4: January to December 1950".
63. "Public Diplomacy - Ministry of Foreign Affairs".
64. (26 February 2020). "70 years of Indonesia – Jordan relations towards a genuine and solid partnership".
65. (1950). "India News Bulletin". Embassy of India.
66. (2016). "COMISIONES UNIDAS DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES V DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES, ÁFRICA.".
67. (2006). "British Documents on Foreign Affairs—reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952". LexisNexis.
68. "Syrien: Überblick".
69. "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See".
70. "Finland and Syria".
71. "Bulletin d'information 1953 (Mai-Juin-Juillet)".
72. "Further correspondence respecting Syria part 8: January to December 1954".
73. "Political Relations".
74. "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878–2005)".
75. "Diplomatic Relations of Romania".
76. "สาธารณรัฐอาหรับซีเรีย (MFA Thailand in Thai)".
77. (1956). "The Middle East Journal – Volumes 10–11". Middle East Institute.
78. (22 September 2023). "67 years passed and the Syrian Chinese ties towards greater hardness and strength".
79. (1957). "Sudan Almanac". Republic of the Sudan.
80. "Senarai tarikh penubuhan hubungan diplomatik Malaysia dan negara – negara luar".
81. (1960). "Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts 206–210". United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service.
82. "Mideast Mirror". 1962.
83. (24 October 2005). "Today in Kuwait's History, October 24, 2005".
84. "The Middle East 1963". Europa Publications Limited, London.
85. (1964). "Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 233–234". United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
86. (1964). "Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts – Issues 243–244". United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
87. (1962). "Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto presentada a la Asamblea Legislativa por el ... Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto". Costa Rica. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto.
88. (1965). "Bulletin de l'Afrique noire – Issues 355–366". La Documentation africaine.
89. Linwood, DeLong. (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925–2019".
90. (1965). "Cahiers de l'Institut d'études de l'Orient contemporain Volumes 22–23, Issues 57–63". G. P. Maisonneuve..
91. (13 August 2022). "Syria and Cuba, 57 years of historic relations (+Photos)". Prensa Latina.
92. (1965). "Africa Research Bulletin". Blackwell.
93. Daddah, Mokhtar Ould. (2003). "La Mauritanie contre vents et marées". Karthala.
94. (April 2010). "Asia". Government of Vietnam.
95. (2016). "DPRK Diplomatic Relations". NCNK.
96. (1966). "Cahiers de l'Orient contemporain Volume 23". G.P. Maisonneuve.
97. (March 2020). "Diplomatic and Consular List".
98. "Diplomatic relations".
99. (1969). "Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa". British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service.
100. (1969). "ARR Arab Report and Record". Economic Features, Limited.
101. (1969). "Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3118–3192". British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service.
102. "Bilateral Relations".
103. (1970). "Chronologie politique africaine Volume 11". Centre d'étude des relations internationales.
104. (15 April 2009). "Talks Between deputy prime minister and Syrian high officials: Stability and security in the Mediterranean on the agenda".
105. (1971). "Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa". British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service.
106. (1973). "Trinidad and Tobago Gazette Volume 12, Issues 1–172". U.S. Government Printing Office.
107. "ARR: Arab Report and Record". Economic Features, Limited, 1972.
108. "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1973. Выпуск семнадцатый. Зарубежные страны: Мексика-Япония".
109. "Diplomatic relations".
110. (1972). "News Review on West Asia". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
111. "Diplomatic relations".
112. (1973). "ARR: Arab Report and Record". Economic Features, Limited.
113. "Bilateral relations".
114. "Países". Portal Diplomático.
115. Hutton, Pierre. (1996). "The Legacy of Suez". Macquarie University.
116. "Middle East Economic Digest Volume 19". 1975.
117. (1975). "ARR: Arab Report and Record.". Economic Features, Limited.
118. (1975). "Revista de política internacional – Issues 140–142". Centro de Estudios Constitucionales.
119. (1975). "Africa Research Bulletin". Blackwell.
120. "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ".
121. "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten".
122. (1977). "ARR: Arab Report and Record". Economic Features, Limited.
123. "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1978. Выпуск двадцать второй. Зарубежные страны в 1977".
124. (1979). "Daily Report Middle East & North Africa. Index · Volume 2, Issues 1–2". United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service.
125. (11 May 2023). "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations".
126. Government of Antigua and Barbuda. "Chronology of Antigua and Barbudas Bilateral relations".
127. Joseph A. Kechichian. "Countries with which Oman has diplomatic relations".
128. "República Árabe de Siria".
129. (1993). "Daily Report, Near East & South Asia, 5 (2)". NewsBank.
130. "30th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Syrian Arab Republic".
131. "States with Which the Republic of Uzbekistan Established Diplomatic Relations".
132. "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS".
133. "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан".
134. "Syrian Arab Republic".
135. "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS".
136. "Political dialogue between Ukraine and Syria – Embassy of Ukraine in Syrian Arab Republic".
137. (24 September 2025). "Today, Ukraine and Syria signed a Joint Communiqué on the restoration of diplomatic relations. We welcome this important step and are ready to support the Syrian people on their path to stability.". X (formerly Twitter).
138. "Štáty a teritóriá".
139. "Bilateral Relations between Georgia and the Syrian Arab Republic". [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Georgia)]].
140. (30 January 2018). "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia".
141. "Bilateral relations".
142. (1 July 2021). "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations".
143. "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations".
144. "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения".
145. "Cooperation in Political Sphere".
146. "Eritrea Update, June 1994". Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada.
147. "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)".
148. (2022). "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa".
149. Đogić, Mojca Pristavec. (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije".
150. "Bilateral relations – Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations".
151. "Embajadas y Consulados del Ecuador en el Exterior".
152. "Diplomatic relations between Syrian Arab Republic and ...". United Nations Digital Library.
153. (2004). "Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores 2002".
154. (18 September 2002). "Brunei - Syria buka lembaran sejarah".
155. "Order of Precedence among Heads of Diplomatic Missions as at 1 November 2006".
156. "Directory of Diplomatic Corps and International Organizations 2016/2017".
157. (2 October 2007). "RD formaliza relaciones diplomáticas con Siria".
158. (15 October 2008). "The countries formally opened diplomatic ties for the first time since their independence more than 60 years ago. (France 24)".
159. "Bilateral relations".
160. (29 May 2022). "On May 29, 2018, the Republic of Abkhazia and the Syrian Arab Republic announced on mutual recognition and the establishment of diplomatic relations".
161. (22 July 2018). "Syria, South Ossetia Sign Agreement on Establishing Diplomatic Ties". Syria Times.
162. "Bashar al-Assad Hosts Anatoly Bibilov".
163. (24 July 2018). "Leader of breakaway South Ossetia meets Assad in Syria". Reuters.
164. (18 March 2022). "Dominica suspends diplomatic relations with Syria indefinitely".
165. (4 September 2023). "Siria anuncia que aceptó establecer relaciones diplomáticas con Bolivia".
166. (2 July 2022). "Syrian- Algerian relations are distinguished in all fields, Algerian Ambassador in Damascus".
167. (10 February 1999). "Diplomatic Relations Between Angola and Syrian Arab Republic as of 10 Feb. 1999". United Nations Digital Library.
168. (12 October 2021). "Mikdad holds intensive meetings with heads of delegations at NAM High-Level Meeting".
169. (1964). "Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 233–234". United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
170. (20 April 2017). "President al-Assad receives congratulatory cables from presidents of China, Belarus and Cameroon on occasion of Independence Day".
171. "Egypt and Syria to keep consulate relations: FM spokesperson – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online".
172. (16 June 2013). "Egypt to cut diplomacy with Syria". BBC News.
173. (23 March 2017). "In Advance of Arab League Summit in Jordan, Calls in Arab Countries To Reinstate Syria's League Membership; Syrian Writers Reject Calls For Reinstatement, Saying Syria Will Return Only If Arab League Apologizes To It".
174. "موقع وزارة الخارجية والمغتربين- الجمهورية العربية السورية".
175. (22 August 2011). "Syria Protesters: Gaddafi Is Gone, Assad Will Follow".
176. (16 September 2011). "After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country's Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session".
177. (20 September 2011). "Gadhafi: His government won't be ousted". United Press International.
178. (11 October 2011). "Libya NTC says recognises Syrian National Council". Khaleej Times.
179. İpek Yezdani. (20 October 2011). "Syria dissidents secure Libya embassy promise". Hürriyet Daily News.
180. (1 March 2020). "Syria, Libya discuss bilateral relations, means to reactivate them in different domains".
181. "Syrian Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania".
182. "Mauritania affirms good ties with Syria's Assad regime".
183. News, Oussama Aamari-Morocco World. (6 February 2023). "Moroccan Embassy in Syria Sets Up Crisis Unit Following Deadly Earthquake".
184. (28 May 2018). "Lavrov: Terrorist groups surface in areas where US forces are deployed in al-Tanf and al-Rukban Camp".
185. "Embassies and consulates of Syria in Africa". mofaex.gov.sy.
186. (2 November 2021). "Mikdad receives credentials of charge d' affaires of Nigerian Embassy in Damascus".
187. (22 March 2022). "Nigeria calls for lifting all sanctions imposed on Syria".
188. Kinda Al Mahmoud /Baraa Ali. (7 November 2022). "Before President al-Assad, several Syrian Ambassadors sworn in".
189. Fedaa al-Rhayiah / Hala Zain. (21 January 2023). "Senegal President expresses desire to strengthen bilateral relations with Syria".
190. (17 August 2018). "Exhibition held for Syrian products in Dakar".
191. "IRAQ & SYRIA: PRESIDENT BARRE OF SOMALIA CONTINUES TOUR OF ARAB A??? ISLAMIC STATES.".
192. "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)".
193. "Syria [ Arab Republic of ] Embassy | South African Government".
194. (15 November 2021). "Syria, South Africa to enhance parliamentary, economic cooperation".
195. (25 June 2015). "Al-Moallem briefs the visiting South African delegation on escalating terror threats and countries' involvement".
196. (27 June 2015). "President al-Assad warns of the "international problem" of terrorism, refers to BRICS role to unify anti-terror efforts".
197. "Embassy of Syria in Khartoum, Sudan".
198. "Embassy of Sudan in Damascus, Syria".
199. (17 December 2018). "Sudan's president becomes first Arab League member to visit Syria since 2011".
200. "Embassy of Syria in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania".
201. (29 April 2013). "Tanzania Supports Syria in Fighting Terrorism". Syrian TV.
202. Damien McElroy "[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9062745/Britain-under-pressure-to-withdraw-diplomatic-recognition-of-Syria.html Britain under pressure to withdraw diplomatic recognition of Syria]" ''The Daily Telegraph'' 5 February 2012
203. (23 October 2019). "Tunisia's new president sworn in after surprise election win".
204. (9 February 2023). "Tunisian president decides to strengthen diplomatic ties with Syria". [[Reuters]].
205. (18 April 2023). "Syria, Tunisia Reestablish Diplomatic Relations". VOA News.
206. Moh, Mortada. (17 January 2024). "صباغ يبحث مع نظيريه الكوري الديمقراطي والفنزويلي العلاقات الثنائية".
207. "Zimbabwe stands by Syria". herald.co.zw.
208. (14 December 2021). "ALBA countries reiterate their support to Syria".
209. (15 April 2021). "President al-Assad accepts credentials of new Ambassadors of Mauritania, Argentina".
210. (28 April 2019). "Shaaban Discusses Syria's Friendly Relations with Bolivia, Iran". Syria Times.
211. (10 February 2022). "Syrian-Brazilian talks to boost economic, trade relations".
212. (12 March 2022). "On behalf of President al-Assad, Sabbagh congratulates Chile's President on his inauguration ceremony".
213. (15 August 2016). "Anniversary of Establishing Syrian-Cuban Diplomatic Relations Celebrated". Syria Times.
214. (30 November 2016). "Presidential Affairs Minister Offers Condolences to Cuban President over Passing of Fidel Castro". Syria Times.
215. (12 April 2017). "Ecuador: US aggression on Syria clear violation of a UN member state's soverienghty".
216. (31 March 2015). "Al-Lahham continues meetings with parliamentarians on sideline of IPU session".
217. (1984). "Grenada papers".
218. (27 April 2017). "Secretary-General Appoints Edmond Mulet of Guatemala Head of Security Council Joint Investigative Mechanism on Chemical Weapon Use in Syria".
219. "S a N A".
220. (15 April 2021). "Gobierno de Nicaragua felicita a la República Árabe Siria en 75 Aniversario de su Independencia". La Voz del Sandinismo.
221. (12 May 2022). "Maritime authorities in Panama includes Syrian maritime certificates within the recognized lists".
222. (30 January 2022). "Syrian, Paraguayan talks to boost bilateral relations".
223. (30 July 2021). "Syria's ambassador in Caracas participates in the inauguration ceremony of the president-elect of Peru".
224. (4 September 2013). "ST. LUCIA-POLITICS-Opposition calls on St. Lucia government to state position on Syria". CARICOM.
225. (20 February 2019). "Mikdad affirms Syria's firm right to restore the occupied Golan".
226. (30 January 2017). "Presidents Assad and Maduro Phone Call". Syria Times.
227. "Chronology of Antigua and Barbudas Bilateral relations".
228. "Embajada en Siría".
229. (22 April 2022). "Celebraciones por la Independencia de Siria en el país". Diarios Sirio Libane.
230. (16 July 2010). "Bashar al-Assad marks 10 years in power". France 24.
231. (28 August 2001). "Diplomatic relations between Belize and Syrian Arab Republic as of 28 Aug. 2001". United Nations Digital Library.
232. "Syria–Brazil relations".
233. "Embassy of Brazil in Damascus".
234. (21 September 2021). "Parlamentarios sirios impulsan crecimiento de relaciones bilaterales con Brasil". Diarios Sirio Libane.
235. "Syria's Assad in Brazil proposed close economic links with Mercosur".
236. "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925–2019".
237. Guy Quenneville. (5 December 2022). "Meet the man looking after the abandoned Syrian embassy for more than a decade". CBC News.
238. (29 May 2012). "Canada joins allies in mass expulsion of Syrian diplomats". CBC News.
239. (17 April 2016). "Global Affairs Canada ordered closing of Syrian consulate in Montreal". CBC News.
240. (24 November 2015). "#WelcomeRefugees: Canada resettled Syrian refugees".
241. (13 March 2025). "Canada eases Syria sanctions, names ambassador". AFP.
242. (1945). "Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores". Chile. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores.
243. (21 September 2021). "El Embajador sirio Bassam Sabbagh visitó Chile". Diarios Sirio Libane.
244. (12 August 2020). "Cancillería suspende "en forma indefinida" proceso de cierre de embajadas". [[Radio Universidad de Chile]].
245. "List of Cuban Mission Abroad". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba.
246. (22 February 2024). "Syria, Cuba discuss means to boost trade cooperation".
247. (28 June 2010). "Cuba's Castro meets with Syrian President Assad". The San Diego Union-Tribune.
248. "Grenada offers condolences to Turkey and Syria on earthquake disaster | Loop Caribbean News".
249. "Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations".
250. "Mexico-Syria relations (in Spanish)".
251. "Embassy of Mexico in Egypt".
252. (20 April 2016). "COMISIONES UNIDAS DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES Y DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES, ÁFRICA".
253. "Syrian embassies in North America".
254. (13 December 2004). "Diplomatic Relations Between Paraguay and Syrian Arab Republic as of 13 Dec. 2004". United Nations Digital Library.
255. (29 June 2022). "El Embajador de Siria presentó cartas credenciales ante el Presidente de Paraguay". Diarios Sirio Libane.
256. "Syrian embassies in South America".
257. (21 July 2022). "Inauguration of the Honorary Consulate General of the Republic of Paraguay in Damascus".
258. "Syria, Paraguay talks to enhance cooperation in trade exchange".
259. "Syria to Enhance Economic Relations with Paraguay and Brazil". Syrian Observer.
260. (20 March 2020). "Syria expresses solidarity with Peru and Ecuador after earthquake". Prensa Latina.
261. "PERMANENT MISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME TO THE UNITED NATIONS". United Nations.
262. "Honorary Consuls".
263. "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Syria".
264. (14 December 2012). "Obama Recognizes Syrian Opposition Group". ABC News.
265. (5 May 2014). "U.S. recognizes Syria opposition offices as 'foreign mission'". Reuters.
266. (29 October 2015). "The Confused Person's Guide to the Syrian Civil War".
267. (24 June 2022). "El Embajador de Siria presentó cartas credenciales en Uruguay – Diario Sirio Libanés". Diarios Sirio Libane.
268. Vasilyeva, Nataliya. (24 January 2019). "Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape". Associated Press News.
269. "Russia evacuates some embassy staff from Damascus".
270. "Summary of answers from Oleg Bartsits, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia, at a meeting with students majoring in International Relations at Abkhazia State University".
271. Bülent Gökay, Malcolm Yapp, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston. (2006). "British Documents on Foreign Affairs—reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952". LexisNexis.
272. (29 September 2023). "Minister photographed in Saudi Arabia alongside Syrian counterpart, Taliban official". The Times of Israel.
273. "Muttaqi Calls for Establishing Regular Diplomatic Relations With Syria".
274. "30th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Syrian Arab Republic".
275. "Tarifplus24.de vergleicht Strom, Gas, Handy, DSL und KFZ-Tarifetarifplus24".
276. "Tarifplus24.de vergleicht Strom, Gas, Handy, DSL und KFZ-Tarifetarifplus24".
277. "THE VIRTUAL MUSEUM OF ARMENIAN DIASPORA". Ministry of [[Armenian diaspora.
278. Trade, corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and. "The Department – About us – Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade".
279. "Sorting of ballots at Syrian Consulate in cities of Sydney and Melbourne start".
280. "Syria sanctions regime".
281. (30 July 2012). "Syria closes Australian embassy". [[The Canberra Times]].
282. "BILATERAL RELATIONS".
283. (19 June 2022). "Syrian leader receives credentials from Bahrain ambassador". Associated Press News.
284. "Syrian leader receives credentials from Bahrain ambassador". ABC News.
285. (28 April 2024). "Syria's President Assad meets Bahrain FM to discuss bilateral relations". Middle East Monitor.
286. "Information about the break-off of the diplomatic relations between Georgia and Syrian Arab Republic". [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Georgia)]].
287. RFE/RL. (29 May 2018). "Georgia Severs Relations With Syria For Recognizing Abkhazia, South Ossetia".
288. (30 March 2017). "Locating Syria in India's Diplomacy toward West Asia".
289. "syria iran closest ally".
290. Jubin Goodarzi. "Iran and Syria". [[United States Institute of Peace]].
291. (16 February 2012). "Iran sucht neue Schmuggelwege". Die Welt.
292. "Iran, Syria sign a further defence co-operation agreement – Jane's Defence News".
293. Swaminathan, Satya. (Spring 2007). "Syria's Diplomatic History with Iran". Global Forum Journal.
294. (21 November 2006). "Iraq and Syria restore relations".
295. (12 November 2011). "Syria suspended from Arab League". The Guardian.
296. (27 September 2015). "Iraq agrees to share intelligence with Russia, Iran and Syria". CNN.
297. (27 September 2015). "Iraq, Russia, Iran and Syria coordinate against ISIL". Al Jazeera.
298. (27 September 2015). "Russia Surprises U.S. With Accord on Battling ISIS". The New York Times.
299. Kolko, Gabriel. (13 February 2007). "US force-marches Israel over Syria". Asia Times.
300. (23 September 2007). "Israelis 'Israelis seized nuclear material in Syrian raid'". The Sunday Times.
301. "Breaking News, World News and Video from al Jazeera".
302. (23 April 2008). "Israel 'ready to return Golan'". BBC News.
303. (21 March 2012). "MOFA: Temporary Closure of the Embassy of Japan in the Syrian Arab Republic".
304. (9 September 2011). "MOFA: Implementation of measures to freeze the assets of President Bashar Al-Assad and his related individuals and entities in Syria".
305. "Jordanian King Visits Syria to Congratulate Bashar".
306. (23 October 2015). "Russia, Jordan agree on military coordination on Syria". Reuters.
307. (19 July 2017). "Trump Ends Covert Aid to Syrian Rebels Trying to Topple Assad". [[The New York Times]].
308. (18 April 2017). "Will Jordan confront IS in southern Syria?". [[Al-Monitor]].
309. "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан".
310. "Consulate of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Syrian Arab Republic". [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kazakhstan)]].
311. (6 January 2017). "Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Syrian Tartus".
312. "Donors meet target of $1.5 billion aid for stricken Syrians: U.N.". Reuters.
313. (15 January 2014). "Donors Offer $2.4 Billion to Aid Syrian Civilians, but U.N. Says More Is Needed". The New York Times.
314. "Donors pledge $3.8bn at Syria crisis meeting in Kuwait". Al Jazeera.
315. (4 February 2016). "Record $10 billion pledged in humanitarian aid for Syria at UN co-hosted conference in London". UN News Centre.
316. [http://english.sohu.com/20050801/n226521001.shtml New Lebanese Prime Minister visits Syria] {{Webarchive. link. (24 April 2018 , 2005)
317. (19 August 2012). "Malaysian Embassy in Syria ordered to close temporarily {{!}} The Star".
318. "x.com". X (formerly Twitter).
319. "LIST OF COUNTRIES MAINTAINING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH MONGOLIA".
320. (August 2016). "DPRK Diplomatic Relations".
321. O'Carroll, Chad. (31 January 2017). "A long way from Damascus: Life as Syria's ambassador to North Korea". NK News.
322. (27 February 2018). "North Korea's Syrian Connection".
323. "Syria builds park in honor of North Korea founder Kim Il Sung".
324. "Opinion: Oman Set to Play Big Role in Post-War Syria".
325. (26 April 1974). "Shahbaz Over Golan". Defencejournal.com.
326. (7 January 2005). "Pakistan, Syria to promote cooperation in S&". Dawn.
327. (18 July 2011). "Syria recognizes Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital". Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd.
328. "Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines, Damascus".
329. [[Azmi Bishara]]. (2013). "سورية: درب الآلام نحو الحرية – محاولة في التاريخ الراهن". المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات.
330. (17 May 2013). "FT: Qatar Spends Billions in Syria, Pays $50,000 per Dissident".
331. (17 May 2013). "How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution". Financial Times Magazine.
332. (14 January 2019). "Qatar will not normalise relations with Syria: Foreign Minister – Qatar News". Al Jazeera.
333. Moubayed, Sami. (25 April 2019). "Syria and Qatar silently mend broken fences".
334. (11 March 2021). "Turkey, Russia, Qatar to push for political resolution in Syria".
335. (9 May 2023). "Saudi Arabia, Syria agree to restore diplomatic ties". Digital Journal.
336. Deasy, Kristin. (26 February 2013). "Saudi Arabia arming Syrian rebels with Croatian weapons: report".
337. (12 April 2023). "Syrian FM makes first visit to Saudi Arabia since 2011". Al Jazeera.
338. "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Republic of Korea and Syrian Arab Republic".
339. (8 February 2025). "Syria and South Korea expressed willingness to resume cooperation". Prensa Latina.
340. Ji Da-gyum. (11 February 2025). "S. Korea moves toward formal diplomatic ties with Syria". Korea Herald.
341. (11 March 2025). "Tentative deal reached with Syria on forming diplomatic ties".
342. "Dates of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations".
343. "Suriye Ankara Büyükelçiliği". suriyekonsoloslugu.org.
344. "Suriye İstanbul Başkonsolosluğu". suriyekonsoloslugu.org.
345. "Suriye Gaziantep Başkonsolosluğu". suriyekonsoloslugu.org.
346. (4 May 2013). "Union for the Mediterranean: time for parliaments to play their role {{!}} News {{!}} European Parliament". European Parliament.
347. "Member States".
348. (27 March 2014). "Memo". [[European Commission]].
349. Alsharif, Asma. (16 August 2012). "Organization of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria".
350. Balci, Bayram. (13 April 2012). "Turkey's Relations with the Syrian Opposition".
351. (13 December 2024). "Turkey appoints charge d'affaires at its embassy in Damascus".
352. (1972). "ARR: Arab Report and Record". Economic Features, Limited.
353. (30 December 2018). "Syria: Assad has decisively won his brutal battle".
354. (19 March 2022). "Assad: Syria's leader makes historic visit to UAE". BBC News.
355. (19 March 2023). "Syria's Assad arrives in United Arab Emirates in official visit". Reuters.
356. (13 October 2023). "Syria Returns Yemeni Embassy in Damascus to Legitimate Gov't". Asharq Al-Awsat.
357. LL. "Österreich in Kontakt mit Syriens neuen Machthaber".
358. (20 June 2021). "Is It Time for Europe to Reopen Its Embassies in Syria?".
359. (29 July 2021). "About The Chargé d'Affaires of the European Union to Syria". Europa (web portal).
360. (26 July 2024). "Italy appoints Envoy to Syria to 'turn spotlight' on country, FM says". Middle East Monitor.
361. (3 January 2024). "German, French foreign ministers meet Syria's new leaders". DW.
362. (2025-01-16). "Spain raises flag at Damascus embassy after 12-year closure".
363. nisreen. (2025-03-20). "Germany reopens its embassy in Syria, 13 years after it was closed".
364. "Syrian Embassy, Vienna".
365. Österreich, Außenministerium der Republik. "Bilaterale Beziehungen".
366. "Cooperation in Political Sphere".
367. https://x.com/BelarusMFA/status/1868363622826594772
368. "Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic in Brussels".
369. (29 March 2012). "Belgium closes its embassy in Syria". Reuters.
370. (2022). "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa".
371. "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878–2005)".
372. (June 2017). "Syrian embassy in Sofia }} {{dead link".
373. "Министерство на външните работи". Mfa.bg.
374. "Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations".
375. (1 April 2012). "Vesna Pusić u Istanbulu na sastanku skupine Prijatelja Sirije". [[Večernji list]].
376. (1962). "Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 24–25". United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
377. Sandrine Amiel. (17 June 2021). "Which EU states are rebuilding diplomatic relations with Assad's Syria?". [[Euronews]].
378. Pavol Petruf. (2007). "Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992".
379. "Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Stats Kalender 1954".
380. "How Denmark's hard line on Syrian refugees is an aid group's ethical dilemma".
381. "Syrian Embassy Stockholm".
382. "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a etranger depuis 1945".
383. "REPRÉSENTATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES ET CONSULAIRES SYRIEN EN FRANCE".
384. "Syria – Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs".
385. Stefan Talmon [https://academic.oup.com/chinesejil/article/12/2/219/315072 Recognition of Opposition Groups as the Legitimate Representative of a People], ''Chinese Journal of International Law'', Volume 12, Issue 2, 1 June 2013, Pages 219–253, https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmt014 Published: 5 May 2013
386. "Syrien".
387. "Syrian embassy in Athens".
388. "Diplomatic Relations of the Holy See".
389. David M. Cheney. "Syria (Nunciature) [Catholic-Hierarchy]".
390. Plett, Barbara. (7 May 2001). "Mosque visit crowns Pope's tour". BBC News.
391. (4 April 2005). "Assad Attended John Paul II's Funeral".
392. (5 November 2015). "Bittersweet Friendships: Relations between Hungary and the Middle East, 1953–1988".
393. (1969). "Hungary". Pannonia Press.
394. "SYRIA – EMBASSY, DAMASCUS".
395. (19 September 2019). "Hungary to appoint Syria diplomat in thawing of ties". Arab News.
396. "Diplomatic and Consular Information for the Middle East and North Africa". Department of Foreign Affairs of Ireland.
397. Cafiero, Giorgio. "How is Italy dealing with Syria's Bashar al Assad?".
398. (21 November 2024). "رافنيان: أبدأ عملي بحماس … القائم بأعمال سفارة إيطاليا يصل دمشق". Al Watan.sy.
399. Goldman, Yoel. "Saudi Arabia, Italy and Holland close embassies in Syria".
400. "Thousands object to reopening of Italian embassy in Syria".
401. (26 July 2024). "Italy appoints ambassador to Syria to 'turn spotlight' on country, foreign minister says". Reuters.
402. "Republica Arabă Siriană".
403. "Syrian embassies in Europe".
404. (27 April 1999). "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater".
405. Zondag, Martin Herman Wiedswang. (26 March 2012). "– Indirekte er ambassadestenging et politisk signal". [[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.
406. Grzeloński, Bogdan. (2006). "Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku". Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie.
407. (27 July 2012). "Polska zamknęła ambasadę w Damaszku. Dyplomaci opuścili Syrię".
408. "Diplomatic Relations of Portugal".
409. "Diplomatic Relations of Romania".
410. "Ministerul Afacerilor Externe". Mae.ro.
411. "Ministerul Afacerilor Externe". Mae.ro.
412. (1964). "Soviet Political Agreements and Results, Revised to January 1, 1964". United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary.
413. Paul Alster. (22 December 2012). "Russians moving into Syria. Strategic alliance include fleet, missiles". [[Fox News]].
414. (1947). "Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947". Syria from Foreign Office files 1947–1956.
415. "Embassy of Syria in Belgrade, Serbia".
416. "Official presentation of the Republic of Serbia in Damascus – Syria".
417. "Sýria | Ministerstvo zahraničných vecí a európskych záležitostí SR".
418. [https://www.syriaconsulate.sk/ Honorárny konzul Sýrskej arabskej republiky na Slovensku]
419. "Geopolitical Calendar: Week of March 26, 2012". Stratfor.
420. (28 June 2015). "Slovak embassies in Iraq and Syria to be closed, moving to Lebanon.". Pravda.sk (Slovak).
421. "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije".
422. (26 November 2021). "Slovenian delegation visits the Syrian pavilion at Expo 2020 Dubai".
423. "Embajada de Siria – Ayuntamiento de Madrid".
424. "Embassy of Sweden Damascus, Syria".
425. "Syrian Embassy Stockholm". Syrianembassy.se.
426. (24 May 2022). "Embassy of Syria in Geneva, Switzerland – Embassy n Visa".
427. "Bilateral relations Switzerland–Syria".
428. "Political dialogue between Ukraine and Syria – Embassy of Ukraine in Syrian Arab Republic".
429. (30 June 2022). "Ukraine Cuts Diplomatic Ties with Syria After It Recognizes Eastern Regions as Independent". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
430. (2022-07-20). "Syria, a close Russia ally, breaks diplomatic ties with Ukraine". [[Al Jazeera Media Network.
431. (30 December 2024). "Ukraine's Foreign Minister meets with Syria's new leader in Damascus: Details". RBC-Ukraine.
432. {{Cite tweet. title🇺🇦 Historic moment: The Ukrainian flag is raised over the Honorary Consulate of Ukraine in Damascus, Syria.. (30 December 2024)
433. (2 January 2025). "Zelenskiy says Ukraine preparing to resume diplomatic ties with Syria". [[Reuters]].
434. (25 September 2025). "Ukraine restores diplomatic relations with Syria, Zelensky says". [[The Jerusalem Post]].
435. (5 July 2025). "UK re-establishes diplomatic relations with Syria in first ministerial visit for 14 years".
436. Shehadi, Lemma. (29 July 2025). "Frustration with UK over slow-walk Damascus ties as embassy remains closed".
437. "British Embassy Damascus".
438. ((Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office)). (17 July 2023). "Country and regional development partnership summaries".
439. "Introduction".
440. "Member States".
441. "Member Parliaments".
442. (28 February 2019). "EBU – Members". EBU.ch.
443. "Member States". ICAO.
444. International Development Association. "IDA Graduates". International Development Association.
445. "Syria / Asia & South Pacific / Member countries / Internet / Home – INTERPOL".
446. (2025-03-09). "OIC restores Syria's membership after more than decade of suspension".
447. (4 June 2021). "17 instances of chemical weapons used in Syria: Watchdog – United Nations News". Al Jazeera.
448. (13 February 2020). "WFTU » Syria: The WFTU President is participating and addressed the 27th Congress of GFTU-Syria". WFTU.
449. . (6 December 2021). ["Countries Elected Members"](https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/countries-elected-members). *United Nations Security Council*.
450. (31 May 2021). "Protesters slam choice of Syria for board of UN health body".
451. Jaafari, Shirin. (4 June 2021). "Syrians outraged by WHO board election: 'It's like appointing a mass murderer to be the police chief'".
452. (12 November 2011). "Syria suspended from Arab League". The Guardian.
453. (13 November 2012). "New Syrian opposition chief seeks recognition, arms".
454. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130329144042/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-03/26/c_132263388.htm Arab League summit opens in Doha with focus on Syrian crisis] Xinhua News Agency. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
455. "Syria opposition 'not yet ready for Arab League seat'". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon.
456. (5 May 2022). "Jordan makes a U-turn to reintegrate Syria into the regional fold". TRT World.
457. (17 November 2021). "Lebanon's relations with Syria outstanding, Hajj Hassan says".
458. (4 November 2021). "Syria, Lebanon discuss means to boost cooperation, integration".
459. (3 June 2022). "Lebanese spy chief says he will visit Syria over missing U.S. reporter". Reuters.
460. (29 March 2016). "Syria, Algeria Stress Unified Stance on Need to Combat Terrorism". Syria Times.
461. (6 July 2022). "Algerian President, Mikdad discuss means of strengthening bilateral relations, issues of common interest".
462. (31 December 2018). "Kuwait expects more Arab countries to reopen embassies in Damascus: KUNA". Reuters.
463. (3 March 2020). "Libyan Embassy in Damascus reopened".
464. (6 August 2015). "Syrian Official's Visit to Oman May Signal a Diplomatic Opening". The New York Times.
465. (6 August 2015). "Syrian FM in rare Oman visit amid heightened diplomacy". Reuters.
466. (26 October 2015). "Omani foreign minister meets Syria's Assad: state TV". Reuters.
467. (26 October 2015). "Oman's foreign minister meets Syria's Bashar al-Assad in Damascus". Al-Araby.
468. (23 November 2017). "Sudan's President Bashir asks Putin for 'protection' from 'aggressive' US". France 24.
469. (21 March 2019). "Yemen crisis: Why is there a war?".
470. (12 October 2021). "Mikdad holds intensive meetings with heads of delegations at NAM High-Level Meeting".
471. (20 April 2022). "President al-Assad receives congratulation cables on occasion of 76th anniversary of Independence Day".
472. (27 December 2018). "Syria's return to Arab League requires Arab consensus: UAE minister". Reuters.
473. "UAE reopens Syrian embassy amid regional influence race". Sky News.
474. "Bahrain reopens embassy in Syria".
475. (27 February 2023). "Arab MPs, headed by Iraq's Halbousi, join momentum of normalisation with Damascus". The Arab Weekly.
476. (12 April 2023). "Saudi Arabia, Syria welcome thaw in ties, agree to fight drug trafficking". [[Reuters]].
477. (2 April 2023). "Saudi Arabia to invite Syria's Assad to Arab leaders summit, ending regional isolation". Reuters.
478. (7 May 2023). "Arab foreign ministers agree to readmit Syria to the Arab League". [[Al Arabiya]].
479. (7 May 2023). "Arab League re-admits Syria after 11-year absence".
480. Yuste Martínez, Inmaculada. (2024). "Los cachorros del califato y las nuevas prisiones: Campamentos de desplazados internos en Siria". [[Inter-American Institute of Human Rights]].
481. (7 May 2023). "Arab League to readmit Syria after decade-long hiatus". Financial Times.
482. Chulov, Martin. (7 May 2021). "'A dirty business': how one drug is turning Syria into a narco-state".