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Foreign relations of Belgium

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Summary

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Belgium is a country in Europe and member of major international organizations like the European Union and NATO which are both headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.

As a federal state, the Communities and Regions have their own foreign relations and are able to conclude treaties themselves.

Initial neutrality

Because of its location at the crossroads of Western Europe, Belgium has historically been the route of invading armies from its larger neighbours. With virtually defenceless borders, Belgium has traditionally sought to avoid domination by the more powerful nations which surround it through a policy of mediation. The Concert of Europe sanctioned the creation of Belgium in 1831 on the condition that the country remain strictly neutral.

This policy of neutrality ended after the experience of German occupation during World War I. In the years preceding World War II, Belgium tried to return to a policy of neutrality, but once again, Germany invaded the country. In 1948, Belgium signed the Treaty of Brussels with the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, and one year later became one of the founding members of the Atlantic Alliance.

Belgium's federalism and international relations

A peculiar feature of Belgian federalism is the fact that the country's Communities and Regions maintain their own international relations, including the conclusion of treaties. Thus, there are a number of bilateral Dutch-Flemish international institutions, such as the Dutch Language Union or the institutions for the control of the river Scheldt, in which only Flanders takes part. Likewise, only the French Community of Belgium takes part in La Francophonie. For instance, UNV's Online Volunteering service received a financial contribution from the Federal Public Service (FPS) Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation of the Kingdom of Belgium for the years 2013 and 2014 to support the outreach to the francophone world and the promotion of volunteerism.

International disputes

Belgium has resorted several times to international dispute settlement, notably in cases at both the International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court of Arbitration with the Netherlands concerning the diversion of water from the Meuse (1937) the frontier at the enclave of Baarle-Hertog (1959) and the revitalisation of the so-called Iron Rhine railroad (2005). There have been other points of contention with the Netherlands, such as the deepening of the river Scheldt or the route for the high-speed rail link between Brussels and Amsterdam. This does however not influence the overall amicable character of Belgo-Dutch relationship.

Other former cases at international courts between Belgium and other countries are — in chronological order — the Oscar Chinn Case of 1934 (with the United Kingdom, the Borghgrave Case of 1937 (with Spain), the cases of the electricity company of Sofia of 1939 (with Bulgaria), the case of the "société commerciale de Belgique" of 1939 (with Greece), the case concerning the Barcelona Traction Company of 1970 (with Spain), the arrest warrant case of 2002 (with the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and the case concerning legality of use of force of 2004 (with Serbia and Montenegro).

The arrest warrant case of 2002 was caused by the application of Belgium's so called genocide law, providing for universal jurisdiction over the gravest international crimes. The same law stirred relations with, amongst others, Israel and the United States, since complaints were filed against high-ranking politicians and officials of both countries. The law was therefore repealed in 2003.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Belgium maintains diplomatic relations with:

[[File:Diplomatic_relations_of_Belgium.svgframeless425x425px]]#CountryDate
1United Kingdom
2France
3United States
4Brazil
—Holy See
5Portugal
6Sweden
7Denmark
8Mexico
9Greece
10Netherlands
11Switzerland
12Peru
13Bolivia
14Guatemala
15Italy
16Russia
17Uruguay
18Honduras
19Nicaragua
20Costa Rica
21Chile
22Argentina
23Paraguay
24Japan
25Liberia
26Colombia
27Ecuador
28Bulgaria
29Romania
30Venezuela
31Thailand
32Serbia
33El Salvador
34Dominican Republic
35Luxembourg
36Iran
37Haiti
38Cuba
39Norway
40Panama
41Poland
42Czech Republic
43Finland
44Austria
45Spain
46Hungary
47Egypt
48Afghanistan
49Ethiopia
50Turkey
51Monaco
52Ireland
53South Africa
54Canada
55Lebanon
56Iceland
57Syria
58Philippines
59Iraq
60Jordan
61India
62New Zealand
63Australia
64Pakistan
65Israel
66Indonesia
67Germany
68Sri Lanka
69Myanmar
70Saudi Arabia
71Libya
72Sudan
73Morocco
74Tunisia
75Malaysia
76Ghana
77Guinea
78Democratic Republic of the Congo
79Somalia
80Cyprus
81Gabon
82Benin
83Senegal
84Nigeria
85Ivory Coast
86Mauritania
87Republic of the Congo
88South Korea
89Chad
90Sierra Leone
91Niger
92Burkina Faso
93Cameroon
94Burundi
—Rwanda (suspended)
95Tanzania
96Algeria
97Central African Republic
98Mali
99Nepal
100Kuwait
101Kenya
102Madagascar
103Zambia
104Uganda
105Malta
106Togo
107Malawi
108Gambia
109Singapore
110Jamaica
111Botswana
112Lesotho
113Cambodia
114Laos
115Mauritius
116Eswatini
117Trinidad and Tobago
118Barbados
119Albania
120Guyana
121Mongolia
122Tonga
123China
124United Arab Emirates
125Yemen
126Fiji
127Vietnam
128Bangladesh
129Samoa
130Qatar
131Bahamas
132Oman
133Nauru
134Mozambique
135Seychelles
136Papua New Guinea
137Suriname
138Angola
139Comoros
140Cape Verde
141Guinea-Bissau
142Maldives
143Djibouti
144Solomon Islands
145Zimbabwe
146Bahrain
147Dominica
148Saint Lucia
149Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
150Vanuatu
151Belize
152Brunei
153San Marino
154Antigua and Barbuda
155São Tomé and Príncipe
156Namibia
157Estonia
158Latvia
159Lithuania
160Slovenia
161Armenia
162Belarus
163Ukraine
164Uzbekistan
165Moldova
166Liechtenstein
167Kyrgyzstan
168Tajikistan
169Georgia
170Azerbaijan
171Kazakhstan
172Croatia
173Slovakia
174Turkmenistan
175North Macedonia
176Bosnia and Herzegovina
177Eritrea
178Andorra
179Marshall Islands
180Federated States of Micronesia
181North Korea
182Timor-Leste
183Saint Kitts and Nevis
—Cook Islands
184Montenegro
—Kosovo
185Bhutan
186Palau
187South Sudan
188Equatorial GuineaUnknown
189GrenadaUnknown
190KiribatiUnknown
191TuvaluUnknown

Relationship with countries

Africa

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Congo-Kinshasa2 July 1960See Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations
Eritrea
South Sudan14 October 2011Diplomatic relations were established on 14 October 2011.

Americas

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Canada3 January 1939See Belgium–Canada relations
Cuba18 August 1902
Mexico19 November 1839See Belgium–Mexico relations
Peru16 May 1850Belgium–Peru relations}}
United States9 February 1832See Belgium–United States relations
Uruguay26 September 1852See Belgium–Uruguay relations

Asia

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Armenia10 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.
Azerbaijan17 June 1992See Azerbaijan–Belgium relations
China25 October 1971See Belgium–China relations
Georgia5 June 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 5 June 1992.
India20 September 1947See Belgium–India relations
Indonesia14 June 1950See Belgium–Indonesia relations
Iran
IsraelSee Belgium–Israel relations
Japan1 August 1866See Belgium–Japan relations
Kazakhstan25 August 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 25 August 1992.
Kyrgyzstan25 March 1992See Belgium–Turkey relations
Malaysia12 December 1957See Belgium–Malaysia relations
Pakistan20 February 1948See Belgium–Pakistan relations
Philippines18 May 1949See Belgium–Philippines relations
Saudi Arabia
South Korea2 May 1961See Belgium–South Korea relations
Syria20 March 1946See Belgium–Syria relations
Turkey4 April 1838See Belgium–Turkey relations
Turkmenistan1 February 1993See Belgium–Turkey relations
Uzbekistan10 March 1992See Belgium–Turkey relations

Europe

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
AlbaniaSee Albania–Belgium relations
Andorra15 December 1994Diplomatic relations were established on 15 December 1994.
Austria
Belarus10 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.
Bosnia and Herzegovina3 March 1994Diplomatic relations were established on 3 March 1994.
Bulgaria11 December 1879Diplomatic relations were established on 11 December 1879.
Croatia10 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.
Cyprus
Czech Republic3 June 1919Belgium and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1919.
Denmark25 February 1837See Belgium–Denmark relations
Estonia26 January 1921Diplomatic relations were established first time on 21 January 1921. Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.
Finland9 July 1919Diplomatic relations were established on 9 July 1919.
France8 March 1831See Belgium–France relations
GermanySee Belgium–Germany relations
Greece30 November 1838See Belgium–Greece relations
Holy See21 July 1832Diplomatic relations were established on 21 July 1832 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Roman states and Italian states (Holy See) Viscount Vilain XIIII.
Iceland9 November 1945Diplomatic relations were established on 9 November 1945.
Ireland7 September 1932Diplomatic relations were established on 7 September 1932 when has been established Legation of Ireland in Belgium (Brussels). It was raised into an embassy 9 January 1959.
Italy24 February 1851Diplomatic relations were established on 24 February 1851 when has been appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Belgium Alberto Lupi Di Montalto.
Kosovo23 April 2008See Belgium–Kosovo relations
Latvia26 January 1921Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1921. Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.
Lithuania27 December 1922Diplomatic relations were established first time on 27 December 1922.Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.
Luxembourg9 July 1892See Belgium–Luxembourg relations
MaltaJune 1965Diplomatic relations were established in June 1965.
Moldova11 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 11 March 1992.
Monaco2 October 1931Diplomatic relations were established on 2 October 1931.
Montenegro25 July 2006Diplomatic relations were established on 25 July 2006.
Netherlands3 August 1839See Belgium–Netherlands relations
North Macedonia14 February 1994Diplomatic relations were established on 14 February 1994.
Norway14 November 1905Diplomatic relations were established on 14 November 1905.
Poland6 March 1919See Belgium–Poland relations
Portugal20 February 1834See Belgium–Portugal relations
Romania29 March 1880Diplomatic relations were established on 29 March 1880.
Russia11 April 1853See Belgium–Russia relations
Serbia15 March 1886See Belgium–Serbia relations
Slovakia1 January 1993Diplomatic relations were established on 1 January 1993.
Slovenia5 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 5 March 1992.
Spain18 September 1832See Belgium–Spain relations
Sweden23 February 1837Diplomatic relations were established on 23 February 1837 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Sweden baron T. Vander Straten Ponthoz.
Ukraine10 March 1992See Belgium–Ukraine relations
United Kingdom1 December 1830See Belgium–United Kingdom relations

Oceania

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia10 October 1947See Australia–Belgium relations

Protocol

The kingdom of Belgium recognises 4 types of incoming visits in Belgium. They are ranked in precedence and protocol.

  1. The State Visit, formal invitations by the King of the Belgians.
  2. The Official Visit, invitation by the Belgian Prime minister.
  3. The Working Visit, invitation by an ambassador, the cost is not paid by the Belgian state.
  4. Cordial visits.
  5. Visits of courtoisie
  6. Visits to international Organisations
  7. The Private Visit, at own initiative, Belgian authorities only provide security if requested.

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