Fitchburg, Massachusetts

History

Fitchburg was first settled in by Europeans in 1730 as part of Lunenburg, and was officially set apart from that town and incorporated in 1764. The area was previously occupied by the Nipmuc tribe. It is named for John Fitch, one of the committee that procured the act of incorporation. In July 1748 Fitch and his family, living in this isolated spot, were abducted to Canada by Native Americans, but returned the next year.

Fitchburg is situated on both the Nashua River and a railroad line. The original Fitchburg Railroad ran through the Hoosac Tunnel, linking Boston and Albany, New York. The tunnel was built using the Burleigh Rock Drill, designed and built in Fitchburg. Fitchburg was a 19th-century industrial center. Originally operated by water power, large mills produced machines, tools, clothing, paper, and firearms. The city is noted for its architecture, particularly in the Victorian style, built at the height of its mill town prosperity. A few examples of these 19th century buildings are the Fay Club, the old North Worcester County Courthouse and the Bullock house.

In 1922, it was affected by the 1922 New England Textile Strike, shutting down the mills in the city over an attempted wage cut.

As the city is one of Worcester County's two shire towns, it has hosted the Northern Worcester County Registry of Deeds, established in 1903, and the county jail on Water Street.

In 1961, two films Return to Peyton Place and By Love Possessed filmed exterior street scenes, town squares and public buildings in Fitchburg.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.1 sqmi, of which 27.8 sqmi is land and 0.3 sqmi, or 1.07%, is water. The city is drained by the Nashua River. The highest point in Fitchburg is the summit of Brown Hill near the northwestern corner of the city, at 1210 ft above sea level.

Fitchburg is bordered by Ashby to the north, Lunenburg to the east, Leominster to the south, Westminster to the west, and a small portion of Ashburnham to the northwest.

Neighborhoods

Fitchburg is divided into multiple different neighborhoods/villages, including:

• Cleghorn
• Crockerville
• College Area
• Downtown Fitchburg
• East Side
• Green Acres Village
• North Fitchburg
• The Patch
• Prichard-Pleasant Street
• South Fitchburg
• Tar Hill
• Upper Common
• Waite's Corner
• West Fitchburg

Climate

Fitchburg's climate is humid continental, which is the predominant climate for Massachusetts and New England. Summers are typically warm, rainy, and humid, while winters are cold, windy, and snowy. Spring and fall are usually mild, but conditions vary widely and depend on wind direction and jet stream positioning. The warmest month is July, with an average high temperature of about 84 °F and an average low temperature of about 63 °F. The coldest month is January, with an average high temperature of about 35 °F and an average low temperature of about 17 °F.

| Jan record high F = 70 | Feb record high F = 80 | Mar record high F = 89 | Apr record high F = 94 | May record high F = 98 | Jun record high F = 100 | Jul record high F = 103 | Aug record high F = 100 | Sep record high F = 96 | Oct record high F = 87 | Nov record high F = 78 | Dec record high F = 74 | year record high F = 103 | Jan avg record high F = 57 | Feb avg record high F = 57 | Mar avg record high F = 68 | Apr avg record high F = 82 | May avg record high F = 90 | Jun avg record high F = 92 | Jul avg record high F = 94 | Aug avg record high F = 93 | Sep avg record high F = 89 | Oct avg record high F = 79 | Nov avg record high F = 70 | Dec avg record high F = 61 | year avg record high F= 96 | Jan avg record low F = -2 | Feb avg record low F = 2 | Mar avg record low F = 8 | Apr avg record low F = 25 | May avg record low F = 34 | Jun avg record low F = 44 | Jul avg record low F = 53 | Aug avg record low F = 50 | Sep avg record low F = 38 | Oct avg record low F = 26 | Nov avg record low F = 17 | Dec avg record low F = 4 | year avg record low F= -4 | Jan record low F = −10 | Feb record low F = −15 | Mar record low F = −12 | Apr record low F = 15 | May record low F = 29 | Jun record low F = 36 | Jul record low F = 47 | Aug record low F = 45 | Sep record low F = 28 | Oct record low F = 15 | Nov record low F = 7 | Dec record low F = −7 | year record low F = −15

Demographics

|1790|1151 |1800|1390 |1810|1566 |1820|1736 |1830|2169 |1840|2604 |1850|5120 |1860|7805 |1870|11260 |1880|12429 |1890|22037 |1900|31531 |1910|37826 |1920|41029 |1930|40692 |1940|41824 |1950|42691 |1960|43021 |1970|43343 |1980|39580 |1990|41194 |2000|39102 |2010|40318 |2020|41946 |2024|42145 As of the census of 2010, there were 40,318 people, 15,165 households, and 9,362 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,450.3 PD/sqmi. There were 17,117 housing units at an average density of 615.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 78.2% White, 5.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.6% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 9.1% from other races, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.6% of the population (14.6% Puerto Rican, 1.8% Dominican, 1.6% Uruguayan, 1.4% Mexican, 0.3% Ecuadorian, 0.2% Colombian, 0.2% Honduran, 0.1% Guatemalan, 0.1% Salvadoran, 0.1% Spanish, 0.1% Peruvian). 76.9% spoke English, 15.1% Spanish, 4.2% Other Indo-European Language and 2.6% Asian and Pacific Islander Languages as their first language.

There were 15,165 households, out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.3% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, 16.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 29.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 14.1% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $47,019, and the median income for a family was $57,245. Males had a median income of $47,350 versus $37,921 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,972. About 14.6% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.3% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Throughout the early twentieth century, Fitchburg was known for its paper industry, which occupied the banks of the Nashua River and employed a large segment of the European immigrant population. It has been noted by many residents in Fitchburg that the Nashua River would be dyed the color the paper mills had been coloring the paper that day.

• Founded in 1939, the Wachusett Potato Chip Company purchased the former County Jail buildings and grounds in the 1940s and has operated as a manufacturing and distributing facility for snack products since that time. It was purchased by UTZ in 2011 and still makes chips for local distribution using the Wachusett name.
• Two truck manufacturing firms, the Wachusett Truck Company and the New England Truck Company, operated in Fitchburg during the early twentieth century.
• Simonds International, Saw manufacturer founded in Fitchburg in 1832 and still operating on Intervale Road.
• The Iver Johnson Arms and Cycle Works made motorcycles for a short time, in addition to their primary products, firearms and bicycles.
• Assumption Life, a large financial services company, was founded in Fitchburg in 1903 before moving to Moncton, New Brunswick.
• When completed in June 2014 Great Wolf Lodge New England will have spent over 70 million dollars in renovations to former Holiday Inn/Coco Key Water Resort. There will be over 400 new permanent jobs created from this project.

Fitchburg Central Steam Plant

The Fitchburg Central Steam Plant (locally known by its nickname: the PLT) was built in 1928 to provide steam and electricity to the many local paper mills. As the paper mills were abandoned or improved the Central Steam Plant fell into disuse and was abandoned. In 2008, the EPA designated the Central Steam Plant a brownfield site due to contamination of the site soil and groundwater with metals and inorganic contaminants. The EPA provided the City of Fitchburg $50,500 in grant money to help clean up hazardous substances on the site.

Cleanup of the Central Steam Plant started in 2010 and is ongoing as of July 2011. As of December 2015, the Fitchburg Central Steam Plant has been razed. The last structure to fall was its massive smokestack.

Arts and culture

The Fitchburg Art Museum was founded in 1925 and includes over 20000 sqft of gallery and educational space which features a "cross barn" built in 1883, the Simond's building completed in 1989, and 12 galleries feature American, African, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman art.

The Rollstone Boulder is a 110-ton specimen of porphyritic granite located in a small triangular public park. The boulder was a feature of the summit of Rollstone Hill; it was exploded and reassembled on the green in 1929 and 1930.

The Fitchburg Historical Society houses more than 200,000 items related to the history of Fitchburg, including Sentinel newspapers from 1838 to 1976, city directories, photographs, scrapbooks, manuscripts, family genealogies, postcards, files on industries in the City, books and pamphlets on Fitchburg's history from the 1700s to the present, a Civil War collection, and a collection on the railroad.

The Fitchburg Public Library was established in 1859. In 1899, a child-specific library service began in one of the country's first children's rooms. Fitchburg Public Library became the first regional library in the Massachusetts Regional Library System in 1962. In 2008, the library had a budget of $1,111,412. In 2014, the Fitchburg Law Library opened.

Other cultural features include:

• Arthur J. DiTommaso Memorial Bridge
• Fitchburg Longsjo Classic (no longer active)
• The Finnish Center at Saima Park
• Wallace Civic Center of Fitchburg State University

Parks and recreation

• Coggshall Park — a 300 acre park established in 1894, which features wooded trails, access to Mirror Lake, a walking path, gazebo, stone house, playground, and disc golf course.
• Flat Rock Wild Life Sanctuary — a 326 acre wild life sanctuary.
• Fitchburg Abolitionist Park — created in 2017 by volunteers to honor the rich history of anti-slavery activism in the city, including its role in the Underground Railroad.
• West Fitchburg Steam Line Trail — a bike and walking path located in Fitchburg that is 0.6 acre long and runs along the Nashua River and Flag Brook in the Waites Corner neighborhood.
• Crocker Field — an athletic facility listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
• Coolidge Park — a multi-use park located off John Fitch Highway, containing 2 street hockey rinks, 4 baseball/softball fields, a swimming pool and walking path.
• Fitchburg Dog Park — a 1-acre fenced, off-leash dog park located off John Fitch Highway within Coolidge Park.

Government

• Mayor: Samantha M. Squailia
• State Representative: Michael Kushmerek
• State Senator: John Cronin (D)
• Governor's Councilor: Paul DePalo (D)
• U.S. Representative: Lori Trahan (D-3rd District)
• U.S. Senators: Elizabeth Warren (D), Ed Markey (D)

Education

Elementary schools

• Crocker Elementary School
• South Street Elementary School
• Reingold Elementary School

Middle schools

• Memorial Middle School
• Longsjo Middle School

High schools

• Fitchburg High School
• Goodrich Academy
• McKay Arts Academy
• Montachusett Regional Vocational Technical School, also called Monty Tech
• Sizer School

Private schools

• Applewild School
• Notre Dame Preparatory School
• St. Bernard's Elementary School
• St. Bernard's Central Catholic High School

St. Anthony of Padua School opened and closed in 2017. In its final year it had 144 students. Its closure meant that Fitchburg now has only one remaining Roman Catholic grade school.

Colleges and universities

• Fitchburg State University Established in 1894 by an act of the Massachusetts Legislature, the State Normal School in Fitchburg opened in temporary quarters in the old high school building on Academy Street.

Media

Newspapers

• Raivaaja
• Sentinel & Enterprise

Television

• Fitchburg has its own access TV station, Fitchburg Access Television. The station covers various local events, ranging from local school sports to municipal government meetings. FATV operates three Public, Education, and Government (PEG) channels. FATV channels can be viewed on Comcast (channels 8, 9, & 99) and on Verizon (channels 35, 36, & 37). FATV is not available on satellite TV.

Radio

• WPKZ, AM-1280 FM-105.3 Originally licensed in 1941
• WXPL, FM-91.3 Fitchburg State Radio
• WXLO, FM-104.5
• WQPH, FM-89.3 (Queen of Perpetual Help) Shirley/Fitchburg an EWTN Catholic Radio affiliate

Infrastructure

Fire department

The Fitchburg Fire Department employs 81 firefighters, operating out of three stations. It responds to approximately 12,000 emergency calls annually.

Law enforcement

• Fitchburg Police Department, a full-service law enforcement agency responsible for 28 sqmi and 192 mi of public road. The department responds to over 40,000 incidents each year.
• Worcester County Sheriff's Office
• Massachusetts State Police

Medical care

UMass Memorial Health operates a hospital in Fitchburg.

Transportation

Transportation for Fitchburg is largely supplied by the Montachusett Regional Transit Authority (MART). MART operates fixed-route bus services, shuttle services, as well as paratransit services within the Montachusett Region. It also provides two connections to the MBTA Commuter Rail line at Fitchburg Station and Wachusett Station. The Fitchburg Station is the second to last stop on the Fitchburg Line from the North Station in Boston and the Wachusett Station is the last stop.

The Fitchburg Municipal Airport occupies 335 acres off Airport Road in Fitchburg near the Leominster border. In 1940, the airport land was donated to the City of Fitchburg and serves the greater Fitchburg area.

Notable people

• Joseph Palmer, beard enthusiast
• Herbert Adams, sculptor of "WWI, Winged Glory" in the Upper Common of Fitchburg
• Amerie (Amerie Mi Marie Rogers), singer and actress
• Jacques Aubuchon, character actor
• Mike Barnicle, newspaper writer
• Michael Beasley, NBA player, high school All-American; attended Notre Dame Preparatory School{{cite web|url= https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/beaslmi01.html|title= Michael Beasley
• Orlando Boss, Medal of Honor recipient from the American Civil War
• Ken Bouchard, former NASCAR driver, 1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Rookie of the Year
• Ron Bouchard, former NASCAR driver, 1981 NASCAR Winston Cup Rookie of the Year, former owner of many car dealerships
• Everett Francis Briggs, Catholic priest and miners' activist, born in Fitchburg, his life's mission was dedicated to the victims of the Monongah Mining Disaster
• Carolyn Brown, dancer, choreographer, and writer, danced with Merce Cunningham Dance Company
• Henry Sweetser Burrage, clergyman, editor, author, Maine historian
• James "Nixey" Callahan, Major League Baseball pitcher around the turn of the 20th century, later manager of the Chicago White Sox
• Herbert William Conn, zoologist and bacteriologist
• Marcus A. Coolidge, United States Senator
• Alvah Crocker, manufacturer and railroad promoter, United States Representative
• George Crowther, football player
• Kenneth Emory, anthropologist
• Donald Featherstone, artist and creator of the plastic flamingo lawn ornament
• Ryan Gomes, NBA player; attended Notre Dame Preparatory School
• Bruce Gordon, actor (Ishtar, Adam-12, Bonanza, Get Smart, and The Untouchables)
• Samuel W. Hale, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives and the 39th Governor of New Hampshire
• Christian Hansen Jr., U.S. Marshal for Vermont
• Ripley Hitchcock, prominent editor
• Lempi Ikävalko, Finnish-born poet, author, journalist; for 30 years, editor at Fitchburg's Raivaaja newspaper
• George Juskalian, was a decorated Colonel of the United States Army who served for over three decades and fought in World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
• Viola Léger, American-born Canadian actress and politician
• Louise Freeland Jenkins, astronomer
• Iver Johnson, of Iver Johnson's Arms & Cycle Works, located in Fitchburg
• Rob Laakso, a renowned musician, record producer and engineer
• Erika Lawler, member of the 2009–10 United States national women's ice hockey team{{cite web|url= http://www.sentinelandenterprise.com/salutetowomen/ci_23765923/salute-women-erika-lawler|title=Salute to Women: Erika Lawler|date=31 July 2013| publisher=Fitchburg Sentinel and Enterprise|access-date= December 10, 2013}}
• Ray LeBlanc, ice hockey goaltender
• John Legere, CEO of T-Mobile US
• Art Longsjo, Winter and Summer Olympian; Fitchburg Longsjo Classic is held in his memory
• Caroline Atherton Mason, poet
• Matti Mattson, American labor organizer, social activist, and Veteran of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in the Spanish Civil War
• Hiram Maxim, inventor of the first self-powered machine gun
• Patricia Misslin, voice teacher and soprano
• Pat Moran, catcher and manager in Major League Baseball, managed the Philadelphia Phillies and the 1919 World Series champion Cincinnati Reds
• Clara Hapgood Nash (1839–1921), first woman to be admitted to the bar in New England; born in Fitchburg
• George Noory, host of Coast to Coast AM; spent some years in Fitchburg and occasionally mentions the city on his show
• Eleanor Norcross, founder of the Fitchburg Art Museum, artist, collector, social reformer
• Joseph Pilato, actor most known for Day of the Dead
• Benjamin A. Poore, U.S. Army major general
• Paul Price (musician), percussionist and composer
• Marion Rice, Denishawn dancer, teacher, choreographer, producer{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/27/obituaries/marion-b-s-rice-a-dance-teacher-and-producer-90.html|title=Marion B. S. Rice, A Dance Teacher And Producer, 90 |access-date= December 6, 2013|last1=Dunning
• Charles L. Robinson, physician, journalist and first governor of Kansas
• Sylvanus Sawyer, inventor and manufacturer
• Asa Thurston, Hawaiian missionary
• Oskari Tokoi, editor of Raivaaja
• Calvin M. Woodward, St. Louis educator
• Samuel Worcester, clergyman noted for his participation in a controversy over Unitarianism
• Alan Shealy, American rower and Harvard graduate

In popular culture

In Harry Potter universe, Fitchburg is the hometown of the professional Quidditch team the Fitchburg Finches.

The children's book Henry Hikes to Fitchburg by D.B. Johnson is set in Fitchburg.

In 2012, Dark Horse Comics published a comic book series entitled Falling Skies: The Battle of Fitchburg.

Twin towns – sister cities

• DEU Kleve, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
• FIN Kokkola, Finland
• PRC Tianjin, China
• GEO Oni, Georgia

References

References

1. "City Council". City of Fitchburg.
2. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau.
4. "Census – Geography Profile: Fitchburg city, Massachusetts".
5. Gannett, Henry. (1905). "The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States". Govt. Print. Off..
6. Ezra S. Stearns, ''John Fitch: An address with appendix'' (Fitchburg Historical Society) 1894:31.
7. (February 6, 2016). "Old Fitchburg Courthouse".
8. (June 23, 2009). "Victorian house for sale Fitchburg MA".
9. (1991). "History of the labor movement in the United States. 9: The T.U.E.L. to the end of the Gompers era / by Philip S. Foner". Intl Publ.
10. E. Tilden, Leonard. (1923). "New England Textile Strike". Monthly Labor Review.
11. Thomas, Edmund B. Jr.. (January 1987). "The New England Textile Strike of 1922: Focus on Fitchburg". Historical Journal of Massachusetts.
12. (May 5, 1961). "Return to Peyton Place".
13. U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 × 15 minute series, Fitchburg quadrangle
14. "Fitchburg, MA Neighborhood Map – Income, House Prices, Occupations – list of neighborhoods".
15. "Crockerville Fitchburg, MA".
16. "the Patch neighborhood in Fitchburg, Massachusetts (MA), 01420 subdivision profile – real estate, apartments, condos, homes, community, population, jobs, income, streets".
17. "Tar Hill Fitchburg, MA".
18. "FitchburgG 4 SE, Massachusetts – Climate Summary".
19. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov.
20. (1952). "1950 Census of Population". Bureau of the Census.
21. "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010".
22. Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010] 2010 Census Summary File 1
23. (2013). "Improving Public Access to the Nashua River in Lancaster, MA".
24. Staff, Aaron Nicodemus Telegram & Gazette. "Wachusett Potato Chip Co. sold".
25. "Indoor Water Park New England Massachusetts".
26. "Brownfields Grant Fact Sheet: Fitchburg, MA | Brownfields and Land Revitalization | US EPA". Cfpub.epa.gov.
27. "Archived copy".
28. "Fitchburg Art Museum".
29. (2022-06-24). "A beloved boulder in Fitchburg, Massachusetts has an intriguing history".
30. "Fitchburg Historical Society – Commonwealth Historical Collaborative".
31. (August 6, 2007). "Report of the Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts - Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners, Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts - Google Boeken".
32. "Fitchburg Library". Fitchburgpubliclibrary.org.
33. "Library History {{!}} Fitchburg, MA".
34. "Library History {{!}} Fitchburg, MA".
35. http://mblc.state.ma.us/advisory/statistics/public/repmunicpie/index {{dead link. (February 2012)
36. (January 12, 2016). "This Page Has Moved".
37. Sweeney, Sean. (2020-03-18). "Longsjo Classic won't roll out again".
38. "saima-park.org". saima-park.org.
39. "Coggshall Park".
40. "About Flat Rock".
41. "Fitchburg Abolitionist Park".
42. (May 22, 2010). "Steam Line Trail". Bikeitorhikeit.org.
43. "Crocker Field Restoration Committee welcomes you!".
44. "Coolidge Park".
45. "Fitchburg Dog Park".
46. "Woman in the news: Fitchburg Mayor-elect Sam Squailia accentuates community".
47. "House Members".
48. "Senator John J. Cronin".
49. "Fitchburg High School".
50. "McKay Arts Academy".
51. "St. Bernard's Elementary School - "Deeds not Words"".
52. Burke, Amanda. (June 14, 2017). "Saint Anthony closing after strong 66-year run". [[Sentinel and Enterprise]].
53. (May 6, 2014). "History of Fitchburg State University – Fitchburg State University".
54. "Home".
55. "Fire Department".
56. "Roster".
57. "Fitchburgpolice.com". Fitchburgpolice.com.
58. "worcestercountysheriff.com". worcestercountysheriff.com.
59. "UMass Memorial HealthAlliance-Clinton Hospital – UMass Memorial Health Care".
60. (November 17, 2010). "mrta.us". mrta.us.
61. (2017-05-26). "Joseph Palmer, Fashion Criminal, Persecuted for Wearing a Beard".
62. "Hebert Adams". National Academy Museum.
63. "Amerie". billboard.
64. (February 17, 2014). "Legendary Locals of Fitchburg - Fitchburg Historical Society". Arcadia.
65. . (28 February 2014). ["Book Release Party and Author Signing on Saturday, March 8 Celebrates Fitchburg Historical Society's ''Legendary Locals''"](http://www.ci.fitchburg.ma.us/Archive/ViewFile/Item/328).
66. "Ken Bouchard". Racing-Reference.com.
67. "Ron Bouchard". Racing-Reference.com.
68. "LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies: Briggs, Everett Francis".
69. Iddon, Martin Iddon, and Cage, John. (2013). "John Cage and David Tudor: Correspondence on Interpretation and Performance". Cambridge University Press.
70. Powell, William Henry. (1893). "Officers of the Army and Navy (volunteer) who Served in the Civil War". L. R. Hamersley & Company.
71. Palmer, Pete and Gillette, Gary. (2006). "The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia". Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.
72. {{Cite NIE
73. "COOLIDGE, Marcus Allen, (1865–1947)".
74. "CROCKER, Alvah, (1801–1874)".
75. "George Crowther". Brown University Athletics.
76. (19 July 2013). "Ryan Gomes' Hoops for Heart Health Basketball Camp comes to Harwinton". The Register Citizen.
77. "Bruce Gordon". Santa Fe New Mexican.
78. Fitchburg, Mass. (1900). "The Old Records of the Town of Fitchburg, Massachusetts: Vital statistics". Sentinel printing Company.
79. Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives. (1985). "Witness Protection Act: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice". U.S. Government Printing Office.
80. Emerson, William Andrew. (1887). "Fitchburg, Massachusetts, Past and Present". Press of Blanchard & Brown.
81. Hanninen, R. "Home Page Raivaaja, Fitchburg, MA USA".
82. (October 1, 1964). "Lempi Ikävalko will read poem". Fitchburg Sentinel.
83. Mason, Caroline Atherton Briggs. (1891). "The Lost Ring: And Other Poems". Houghton, Mifflin.
84. [[Matti Mattson]]
85. "Hiram Stevens Maxim". Grace's Guide.
86. Salazar, Francisco. (January 7, 2022). "Obituary: Renowned Teacher Patricia Misslin Dies at 81". [[Opera Wire]].
87. "Pat Moran Stats". Baseball Almanac.
88. (June 17, 2018). "Clara Hapgood Nash: A Woman of Her Time and Ahead of It".
89. "Eleanor Norcross". Fitchburg Art Museum.
90. R. B.. (1941). "Obituary, Benjamin Andrew Poore". Moore Printing Company.
91. (2021-03-27). "Paul Price".
92. "Kansas Governor Charles Lawrence Robinson". National Governors Association.
93. Bishop, John Leander and Troxell, Edwin. (1868). "A history of American manufactures from 1608 to 1860". E. Young.
94. Hitchcock, George A.. (1902). "A History of the Calvinistic Congregational Church: And Society Fitchburg, Massachusetts". Authorized by vote of the Society.
95. Hyde, William and Conard, Howard Louis. (1899). "Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis: A Compendium of History ..., Volume 4". Southern History Company.
96. Harris Elwood Starr. (1936). "Worcester, Samuel".
97. {{Cite Appletons'. (1889)
98. Whisp, Kennilworthy. (2001). "[[Quidditch Through the Ages]]". WhizzHard Books.
99. Eckhardt, Chrissie. (April 13, 2012). "FALLING SKIES: DARK HORSE DIGITAL and TNT Partner for Season Two FALLING SKIES COMIC". tntnewsroom.com.