First Sea Lord

Responsibilities

The First Sea Lord is the professional head of the Royal Navy and a member of the Defence Council. He is responsible to the Secretary of State for the fighting effectiveness, efficiency and morale of the Naval Service. As a member of the Defence Council, the First Sea Lord supports the Secretary of State in the management and direction of the Armed Forces through prerogative and statutory powers. As a member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, he advises CDS on maritime strategy and policy. He has a collective responsibility for providing strategic direction to the department, managing performance and ensuring that defence delivers the required outputs.

History

Lords Admiral were appointed from the 15th century; they were later styled Lords High Admiral until the 18th century, and Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty from the 17th century, as the governors of the English and later British Royal Navy. From 1683 to 1684, there were seven paid Commissioners, and one unpaid supernumerary Commissioner. The number varied between five and seven Commissioners through the 18th century. The standing of all the Commissioners was in theory the same, although the First Commissioner or First Lord exercised an ascendancy over his colleagues from an early date.

The generally recognized office of Senior Naval Lord to the Board of Admiralty was established on 8 March 1689, with the first incumbent being Admiral Arthur Herbert; he was also First Lord of the Admiralty. On 20 January 1690 Admiral Herbert was succeeded by Admiral Sir John Chicheley under First Lord of Admiralty Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke.

On 22 May 1702 the Board of Admiralty ceased control of naval affairs and was replaced by the Lord Admiral's Council. The previous office of Senior Naval Lord was replaced by a Senior Member to the Lords Admiral Council; he was usually a serving naval officer of admiral rank and was the Chief Naval Adviser to the Lord Admiral. This lasted until 8 November 1709, when the Board of Admiralty resumed control of Naval Affairs and the post of Senior Naval Lord was resumed.

On 2 February 1771 the office of Senior Naval Lord was renamed to First Naval Lord. The first post holder was Vice-Admiral Augustus Hervey; he first served under First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. In 1805, for the first time, specific functions were assigned to each of the 'Naval' Lords, who were described as 'Professional' Lords, leaving to the 'Civil' Lords the routine business of signing documents. On 2 May 1827 the Board of Admiralty once again ceased control of Naval Affairs and was replaced, until 1828, by a Lord High Admirals Council.

The title of the First Naval Lord was changed to First Sea Lord on the appointment of Sir Jackie Fisher in 1904. In 1917 the First Sea Lord was re-styled First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff. From 1923 onward, the First Sea Lord was a member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, and from 1923 to 1959, in rotation with the representatives of the other services (the Chief of the Imperial General Staff and Chief of the Air Staff), he served as the chairman of that committee and head of all British armed forces. The title was retained when the Board of Admiralty was abolished in 1964 and the Board's functions were integrated into the Ministry of Defence.

Under the current organisation, the First Sea Lord sits on the Defence Council, the Admiralty Board

Since 2012, the flagship of the First Sea Lord has nominally been the ship of the line HMS Victory, which used to be Lord Nelson's flagship.

Appointees

The following table lists all those who have held the post of First Sea Lord or its preceding positions. Ranks and honours are as at the completion of their tenure: |-style="text-align:center;" !colspan=7|Senior Naval Lords |-style="text-align:center;" !colspan=7|First Naval Lords |-style="text-align:center;" !colspan=7|First Sea Lords

In fiction

In John Buchan's novel The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915), the First Sea Lord is named as Lord Alloa, an impostor whom Richard Hannay recognizes at a meeting as a spy and recent pursuer of his. Hannay describes Lord Alloa as recognizable from news pictures for his "beard cut like a spade, the firm fighting mouth, the blunt square nose, and the keen blue eyes...the man, they say, that made the New British Navy". The real First Sea Lord at the time the story is set (early summer 1914) was Prince Louis of Battenberg, coincidentally also bearded.

Notes

Citations

Sources

References

1. "People – First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff". MoD.
2. "Admiral Sir Ben Key KCB CBE ADC".
3. [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/oct/25/defence-administrative-responsibilities Defence Administrative Responsibilities] {{Webarchive. link. (17 October 2012 Hansard, 25 October 1955)
4. Ministry of Defence. (10 December 2012). "History of the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Defence website". Mod.uk.
5. ''The Navy List, 1992'', corrected to 31 March 1992, pub HMSO, {{ISSN. 0141-6081 pages 4–5.
   ''The Navy List, 2008'', compiled 3 September 2008, pub TSO, {{ISBN. 978-0-11-773081-6 pages 4–5.
6. "MOD Royal Navy".
7. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-19896257 HMS Victory handed to First Sea Lord in Portsmouth] {{Webarchive. link. (6 March 2019 , BBC News, 10 October 2012, accessed 8 October 2016)
8. Rodger, p. 51-52
9. "The Commissioners ("Lords") of the Admiralty 1828 – 1895". W Loney RN.
10. "Admiral Sir Francis Bridgeman".
11. "Sir David Luce". Unit Histories.
12. ''[[Who's Who (UK). Who's Who]] 2010'', [[A & C Black]], 2010, {{ISBN. 978-1-408-11414-8
13. "Sir Nigel Essenhigh". University of Exeter.
14. (9 April 2013). "Admiral Zambellas new First Sea Lord". Inside Government.
15. (8 April 2016). "Admiral Sir Philip Jones takes over as First Sea Lord". [[Royal Navy]].
16. (3 December 2018). "A 'generation of innovators' has been appointed to run the military in a shake-up of the top ranks of the Army, Navy and RAF". The Daily Telegraph.
17. (15 October 2021). "Vice Admiral Sir Ben Key KCB CBE has been appointed to First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff".
18. (8 November 2021). "Admiral Sir Ben Key – who's the new First Sea Lord?". Forces.net.
19. "Martin Connel as Acting First sea lord".
20. "General Sir Gwyn Jenkins takes over". Royal Navy.
21. "General Sir Gwyn Jenkins KCB OBE RM has been appointed as First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff, and Aide-de-Camp to His Majesty".
22. "Prince Louis of Battenberg". First World War.com.