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Field marshal (United Kingdom)

Highest military rank of the British Army


Highest military rank of the British Army

FieldValue
nameField Marshal
imageBritish Army (1920–1953) OF-10 (rounded).svg
image_size50px
captionShoulder strap for a field marshal
image2Charles III (No. 4 Dress) Salute 2024.jpg
caption2Charles III in the service uniform of a Field Marshal in the British Army
countryUnited Kingdom
service branchBritish Army
abbreviationFM
rankFive-star rank
NATO rankOF-10
formation1736
lower rankGeneral
equivalentsAdmiral of the Fleet (RN)
Marshal of the Royal Air Force (RAF)

| Non-NATO rank = Marshal of the Royal Air Force (RAF)

Field marshal (FM) has been the highest rank in the British Army since 1736. A five-star rank with NATO code OF-10, it is equivalent to an Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal Navy or a Marshal of the Royal Air Force in the Royal Air Force (RAF). A Field Marshal's insignia consists of two crossed batons surrounded by yellow leaves below the Tudor Crown. Like Marshals of the Royal Air Force and Admirals of the Fleet, Field Marshals traditionally remain officers for life, though on half-pay when not in an appointment or retired. The rank has been used sporadically throughout its history, and was vacant during parts of the 18th and 19th centuries (when all former holders of the rank were deceased). After the Second World War, it became standard practice to appoint the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (later renamed Chief of the General Staff) to the rank on his last day in the post. Army officers occupying the post of Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of all the British Armed Forces, were usually promoted to the rank upon their appointment.

In total, 143 men have held the rank of field marshal. The majority led careers in the British Army or the colonial British Indian Army, rising through the ranks to eventually become a field marshal. Some members of the British royal family, most recently Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Charles III, were promoted to the rank after shorter periods of service. Three British monarchs (George V, Edward VIII, and George VI) assumed the rank on their accessions to the throne, while Edward VII and Charles III were already field marshals, and two British consorts, Albert, Prince Consort and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, were appointed by their respective queens. Other ceremonial appointments were made as diplomatic gestures. Twelve foreign monarchs have held the honour, though three (Wilhelm II, German Emperor; Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary; and Hirohito, Emperor of Japan) were stripped of it when their countries became enemies of Britain and its allies in the two world wars. Also awarded the rank were one Frenchman (Ferdinand Foch) and one Australian (Sir Thomas Blamey), honoured for their contributions in World War I and World War II respectively, and one South African statesman (Jan Smuts).

A report commissioned by the Ministry of Defence in 1995 made a number of recommendations for financial savings in the armed forces' budget, one of which was the abolition of all five-star ranks. Part of the rationale was that these ranks were disproportionate to the size of the forces commanded by these officers, and that none of the United Kingdom's close allies, such as the United States (which reserves the rank of general of the army for officers who have commanded large armies in major wars), used such ranks. The recommendation was not taken up in full, but the practice of promoting service chiefs to five-star ranks was stopped, and the ranks are now reserved for special circumstances. Sir Peter Inge was, in 1994, the last active officer to be promoted to the rank. Inge relinquished the post of Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) in 1997, and his successor, Sir Charles Guthrie, was the first officer not to be promoted upon appointment as CDS, although he was promoted to the honorary rank of field marshal in June 2012.

More promotions to field marshal came in 2012, eighteen years after the moratorium on routine promotions to the rank, when Queen Elizabeth II promoted Prince Charles, her son and heir, to the five-star ranks in all three services, in recognition of support provided for her in her capacity as Head of the British Armed Forces. At the same time, Guthrie, who relinquished the post of CDS and retired from active service in 2001, was promoted to honorary field marshal. In June 2014, former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Walker of Aldringham was also promoted to honorary field marshal. The most recent promotions to the rank came in June 2025, when former Chiefs of the Defence Staff Lord Richards of Herstmonceux and Lord Houghton of Richmond were also promoted to the rank.

Although the rank of field marshal is not used in the Royal Marines, the insignia is used on the uniform of the Captain General, the ceremonial head of the corps (equivalent to colonel-in-chief).

Insignia of rank

The rank insignia of a field marshal in the British Army comprises two crossed batons in a wreath of laurel leaves, with a crown above. In some other countries, historically under the sphere of British influence, an adapted version of the insignia is used for field marshals, often with the crown being replaced with an alternative cultural or national emblem. On appointment, British field marshals are awarded a gold-tipped baton which they may carry on formal occasions.

List of field marshals

The vast majority of officers to hold the rank of field marshal were professional soldiers in the British Army, though eleven served as officers in the British Indian Army. At least fifty-seven field marshals were wounded in battle earlier in their careers, of whom 24 were wounded more than once, and eight had been prisoners of war. Fifteen future field marshals were present at the Battle of Vitoria, where the Duke of Wellington earned the rank, and ten others served under Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo. However, only thirty-eight held independent commands in the field, and just twelve served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces (the pre-1904 professional head of the army) or Chief of the Imperial General Staff during a major war.

Four field marshals (Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir George White, Earl Roberts, and Lord Gort) had previously received the Victoria Cross (VC), the United Kingdom's highest and most prestigious award for gallantry 'in the face of the enemy'. Wood, a famously injury-prone officer, was awarded the VC for two actions in 1858, in which he first attacked a group of rebels in India, and later rescued an informant from another group of rebels. White, a cavalry officer, led two charges on enemy guns in Afghanistan in 1879, while Gort, of the Grenadier Guards, commanded a series of attacks while severely wounded during the First World War in 1918. Roberts received his VC for actions during the Indian Mutiny.

Wellington, 44 at the time of his promotion, was the youngest non-royal officer to earn the rank of field marshal. The 1st Marquess of Drogheda was the oldest, promoted at the age of 91, while a further twenty-three officers were promoted to field marshal in their eighties. Wellington was also the only field marshal to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

No officer whose career was spent in the British Army has ever reached the rank of field marshal without having served in the cavalry, infantry, Royal Armoured Corps, Royal Artillery, or Royal Engineers. One non-British officer has been appointed field marshal in the British Army; Ferdinand Foch of France, in recognition of his contributions in the First World War, while one, Sir William Robertson, held every rank in the British Army, from private soldier to field marshal.

Name and styleRegimentImageBornPromotion dateDiedWilliam IIKing Edward VIIWilhelm II, German EmperorFranz Joseph I of AustriaKing George VNicholas II of RussiaAlbert I of BelgiumAlfonso XIII of SpainHirohito (Emperor Shōwa)King Edward VIIIKing George VIHaile Selassie
Royal Regiment of Foot[[File:1stEarlOfOrkney.jpg100pxalt=George Douglas-Hamilton]]16661737
Earl of Argyll's Regiment of Foot[[File:John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll and Duke of Greenwich by William Aikman.jpg100pxalt=John Campbell]]16801743
Horse Guards Regiment[[File:Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg100pxalt=Richard Boyle]]16741740
16721739
26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot[[File:John Dalrymple 2nd Earl of Stair (1673-1747) General and Diplomat.jpg100pxalt=John Dalrymple]]16731747
6th Regiment of Foot[[File:Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham by Jean Baptiste van Loo.jpg100pxalt=Richard Temple]]16691749
Earl of Bath's Regiment[[File:Attributed to Johan van Diest - Field-Marshal George Wade, 1673 - 1748. Commander-in-chief in Scotland - Google Art Project.jpg100pxalt=George Wade]]16731748
Grenadier Guards (1st Foot Guards)[[File:William Aikman (1682-1731) - Field Marshal Sir Robert Rich (1685–1768), 4th Bt - 355567 - National Trust.jpg100px]]16851768
Royal Scots[[File:Lord Molesworth, English School 18th century.jpg100pxalt=Richard Molesworth]]16801758
10th Regiment of Foot[[File:1st Earl Ligonier.jpg100pxalt=John Ligonier]]16801770
39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot16901773
5th Royal Irish Lancers[[File:Henryseymour.jpg100pxalt=Henry Seymour Conway]]17211794
13th Regiment of Foot[[File:WilliamHenryDukeOfGloucesterThomasGainsborough.jpg100pxalt=Prince William Henry]]17431805
24th Regiment of Foot[[File:Lieutenant-General (later Field Marshal Sir) George Howard (1718– c.1796), c.1762.jpg100pxalt=George Howard]]17201796
Grenadier Guards[[File:Frederick, Duke of York 1800-1820.jpg100pxalt=Prince Frederick]]17631827
Royal Scots Fusiliers[[File:John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll (1723-1806) by Thomas Gainsborough.jpg100pxalt=John Campbell]]17231806
Grenadier Guards[[File:Jeffreyamherst.jpg100pxalt=Jeffery Amherst]]17171797
Scots Guards[[File:Sir John Griffin Griffin, 4th Lord Howard de Walden.jpg100pxalt=John Griffin]]17191797
Grenadier Guards[[File:Studholme Hodgson-cropped.jpg100pxStudholme Hodgson]]17081798
7th Queen's Own Hussars[[File:George Townshend, 4th Viscount and 1st Marquess Townshend, attributed to Gilbert Stuart, c. 1786 - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00271 (cropped).JPG100pxalt=George Townshend]]17241807
Coldstream Guards17291803
Coldstream Guards[[File:Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond.jpg100pxalt=Charles Lennox]]17351806
Royal Fusiliers[[File:Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn by Sir William Beechey.jpg100pxalt=Prince Edward]]17671820
33rd Regiment of Foot[[File:Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.png100pxalt=Arthur Wellesley]]17691852
— (Royal Family;
afterwards King of Hanover)[[File:Ernest Augustus by Fischer 1823.jpg100pxalt=Ernest Augustus I]]17711851
Hanoverian Guards[[File:Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, KG (1774-1850).jpg100pxalt=Prince Adolphus]]17741850
Scots Guards[[File:2ndDukeOfGloucester.jpg100pxalt=Prince William Frederick]]17761834
— (Royal Family;
afterwards King of the Belgians)[[File:Saksen-Koburg Leopold-2a.jpeg100pxalt=Leopold I]]17901865
12th Dragoons[[File:Portrait of Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda.jpg100pxalt=Charles Moore]]17301821
Grenadier Guards[[File:William Harcourt, 3rd Earl Harcourt.jpg100pxalt=William Harcourt]]17431830
50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot[[File:Field Marshal Sir Alured Clarke.jpg100pxalt=Alured Clarke]]17451832
Grenadier Guards[[File:Portrait of Sir Samuel Hulse-detail.jpg100pxalt=Samuel Hulse]]1747 or 17481837
— (Royal Family)[[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg100pxalt=Prince Albert]]18191861
— (King of the Netherlands)[[File:King Willem II.jpg100pxalt=William II]]17921849
39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot[[File:Sir-George-Nugent-1st-Bt (cropped).jpg100pxalt=George Nugent]]17571849
Grenadier Guards[[File:Thomas Grosvenor by Robert Bowyer.jpg100pxalt=Thomas Grosvenor]]17641851
80th Regiment of Foot (Staffordshire Volunteers)[[File:Op77.jpg100pxalt=Henry Paget]]17681854
4th Light Dragoons[[File:Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan by William Salter.jpg100pxalt=FitzRoy Somerse]]17881855
23rd Regiment of Foot[[File:Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere by Mary Martha Pearson (née Dutton).jpg100pxalt=Stapleton Cotton]]17731865
33rd Regiment of Foot[[File:John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford by William Salter.jpg100pxalt=Stapleton Cotton]]17721860
Queen's Rangers[[File:Henryhardinge.jpg100pxalt=Henry Hardinge]]17851856
East Devonshire Regiment[[File:John Colborne.jpg100pxalt=John Colborne]]17791863
99th Regiment of Foot[[File:Field Marshal Sir Edward Blakeney.jpg100pxalt=Edward Blakeney]]17781868
Seaforth Highlanders[[File:Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough, 1850.png100pxalt=Hugh Gough]]17791869
12th Royal Lancers[[File:George 2nd Cambridge.png100pxalt=Prince George]]18191904
9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot[[File:Lord-clyde.jpg100pxalt=Colin Campbell]]17921863
[[File:Alexander Woodford.png100pxalt=Alexander Woodford]]17821870
[[File:Sir William Maynard Gomm by William Salter.jpg100pxalt=William Gomm]]17841875
Royal Artillery[[File:Sir Hew Dalrymple Ross by Thomas Heaphy.jpg100pxalt=Hew Ross]]17791868
Royal Engineers[[File:John-fox-burgoyne.jpg100pxalt=John Burgoyne]]17821871
Bengal Artillery[[File:Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet(3 4 Profile).jpg100pxalt=George Pollock]]17861872
— (retired)17851877
Grenadier Guards[[File:8thMarquessOfTweeddale.jpg100pxalt=George Hay]]17871876
— (Royal Family)[[File:Edward VII in coronation robes.jpg100pxalt=Edward VII]]18411910
52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot[[File:Sir William Rowan.jpg100pxalt=William Rowan]]17891879
35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot[[File:Field Marshal Sir Charles Yorke.jpg100pxalt=Charles Yorke]]17901880
93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot[[File:Hugh Henry Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn.png100pxalt=Hugh Rose]]18011885
Bengal Engineer Group[[File:Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala - Project Gutenberg eText 16528.png100pxalt=Robert Napier]]18101890
11th Bengal Native Infantry[[File:Patrick Grant.jpg100pxalt=Patrick Grant]]18041895
64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot[[File:John-michel-by-william-notman.jpg100pxalt=John Michel]]18041886
Royal Artillery[[File:Richard James Dacres.jpg100pxalt=Richard Dacres]]17991886
85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)[[File:Lord William Paulet.jpg100pxalt=William Paulet]]18041893
6th Regiment of Foot[[File:George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan.png100pxalt=George Bingham]]18001888
Royal Engineers[[File:SirJohnLintonSimmons.jpg100pxalt=Lintorn Simmons]]18211903
4th Regiment of Foot[[File:Frederick Haines.jpg100pxalt=Frederick Haines]]18181909
9th Bengal Native Infantry[[File:Donald Martin Stewart.jpg100pxalt=Donald Stewart]]18241900
12th Regiment of Foot[[File:Garnet Wolseley.jpg100pxalt=Garnet Wolseley]]18331913
Bengal Artillery[[File:Frederick Roberts.jpg100pxalt=Frederick Roberts]]18321914
67th (South Hampshire) Regiment of Foot[[File:Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar 1855.jpg100pxalt=Prince Edward]]18231902
55th Bengal Native Infantry[[File:Field Marshal Sir Neville Bowles Chamberlain.jpg100pxalt=Neville Chamberlain]]18201902
— (German Emperor; King of Prussia)[[File:Arthur Stockdale Cope - Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany 1905.jpg100pxalt=Wilhelm II]]18591941
1st Bengal Native Infantry[[File:StateLibQld 1 113832 Sir Henry Wylie Norman.jpg100pxalt=Henry Norman]]18261904
Royal Engineers[[File:Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught.jpg100pxalt=Prince Arthur]]18501942
13th Light Dragoons[[File:Wood-evelyn.jpg100pxalt=Evelyn Wood]]18381919
27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot[[File:George Stewart White-001.jpg100pxalt=George White]]18351912
— (Emperor of Austria; King of Hungary)[[File:TomvonDregerFranzJosephSchönbrunn.jpg100pxalt=Franz Joseph I]]18301916
King's Royal Rifle Corps[[File:Francis Wallace Grenfell c.1900 ver 02.jpg100pxalt=Francis Grenfell]]18411925
51st Sikhs (Frontier Force)[[File:Charles Brownlow.jpg100pxalt=Charles Brownlow]]18311916
Royal Engineers[[File:Horatio Herbert Kitchener (cropped).jpg100pxalt=Herbert Kitchener]]18501916
Royal Welsh Fusiliers
Ex officio — (Royal Family)[[File:King George 1923 LCCN2014715558 (cropped).jpg100pxalt=George V]]18651936
Scots Guards[[File:Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen.png100pxalt=Paul Methuen]]18451932
Royal Engineers[[File:Wnicholson.jpg100pxalt=William Nicholson]]18451918
8th King's Royal Irish Hussars[[File:Field Marshal Sir John French 2.jpg100pxalt=John French]]18521925
— (Emperor of Russia)[[File:Nicholas II of Russia painted by Earnest Lipgart.jpg100pxalt=Nicholas II]]18681918
7th Queen's Own Hussars[[File:Douglas Haig.jpg100pxalt=Douglas Haig]]18611928
31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot[[File:Sir Charles Egerton.jpg100pxalt= Sir Charles Egerton]]18481921
— (Emperor of Japan)[[File:Emperor Taishō.jpg100pxalt=Taishō]]18791926
35th Artillery Regiment – (French Army)[[File:Foch.jpg100pxalt=Ferdinand Foch]]18511929
York and Lancaster Regiment[[File:Gen sir herbert plumer.jpg100pxalt=Herbert Plumer]]18571932
6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons[[File:Edmund Allenby.jpg100pxalt=Edmund Allenby]]18611936
Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)[[File:Henry Hughes Wilson, British general, photo portrait standing in uniform.jpg100pxalt=Henry Wilson]]18641922
3rd Dragoon Guards[[File:Sir William Robertson.jpg100pxalt=William Robertson]]18601933
5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force)[[File:Field Marshal Sir Arthur Barrett.jpg100pxalt=Arthur Barrett]]18571926
— (King of the Belgians)[[File:Albert I Koning der Belgen.jpg100pxalt=Albert I]]18751934
Royal Scots Fusiliers[[File:William Birdwood.jpg100pxalt=William Birdwood]]18651951
Worcestershire Regiment[[File:LtGen Claud William Jacob.jpg100pxalt=Claud Jacob]]18631948
Royal Artillery[[File:George Francis Milne.jpg100pxalt=George Milne]]18661948
— (King of Spain)[[File:Alfonso XIII in uniform of a British Field Marshall.jpg100pxalt=Alfonso XIII]]18861941
— (Emperor of Japan)[[File:Hirohito in dress uniform.jpg100pxalt=Hirohito]]19011989
King's Royal Rifle Corps[[File:Julian Byng.jpg100pxalt=Julian Byng]]18611935
Grenadier Guards[[File:Earl of Cavan.jpg100pxalt=Rudolph Lambart]]18651946
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry[[File:Philipchetwode.jpg100pxalt=Philip Chetwode]]18691950
Royal Artillery[[File:Mmassingberd.jpg100pxalt=Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd]]18711947
Ex officio— (Royal Family)[[File:Edward Prince of Wales during his visit to Canada in 1919.jpg100pxalt=Edward VIII]]18941972
West Yorkshire Regiment[[File:Sir Cyril John Deverell.jpg100pxalt=Cyril Deverell]]18741947
Ex officio— (Royal Family)[[File:King George VI of England, formal photo portrait, circa 1940-1946.jpg100pxalt=George VI]]18951952
Royal Artillery[[File:Edmund Ironside.jpg100pxalt=Edmund Ironside]]18801959
— (South African Army)[[File:JanSmutsFM.png100pxalt=Jan Smuts]]18701950
Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment[[File:The British Army in North Africa, 1941 E2384E.jpg100pxalt=John Dill]]18811944
Grenadier Guards[[File:General the Viscount Gort Vc, Gcb, Cbe, Dso, Mvo, Mc Art.IWMARTLD730.jpg100pxalt=John Vereker]]18861946
Black Watch[[File:Archibald Wavell2.jpg100pxalt=Archibald Wavell]]18831950
Royal Artillery[[File:Alan Brooke at desk 1942.jpg100pxalt=Alan Brooke]]18831963
Irish Guards[[File:Harold Alexander E010750678-v8.jpg100pxalt=Harold Alexander]]18911969
Royal Warwickshire Regiment[[File:Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, 1944 TR2721.jpg100pxalt=Bernard Montgomery]]18871976
Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)[[File:Hmwilson1944.jpg100pxalt=Henry Maitland Wilson]]18811964
62nd Punjabis (Indian Army)[[File:Auchinleck.jpg100pxalt=Claude Auchinleck]]18841981
Royal Warwickshire Regiment[[File:FM william Slim.jpg100pxalt=William Slim]]18911970
— (Australian Army)[[File:Blamey.jpg100pxalt=Thomas Blamey]]18841951
Royal Navy – (Royal Family)[[File:Prince Philip of Edinburgh.jpg100pxalt=Prince Philip]]19212021
Somerset Light Infantry[[File:Jharding.jpg100pxalt=John Harding]]18961989
King's Royal Rifle Corps[[File:Dukeofgloucester.jpg100pxalt=Prince Henry]]19001974
Royal Irish Fusiliers[[File:Sir gerald templer.gif100pxalt=Gerald Templer]]18981979
Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)[[File:Ffesting.jpg100pxalt=Francis Festing]]19021976
— (King of Nepal)[[File:Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah.jpg100pxalt=Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah]]19201972
— (Emperor of Ethiopia)[[File:Haile Selassie in full dress (cropped).jpg100pxalt=Haile Selassie I]]18921975
17th/21st Lancers[[File:General Sir Richard Hull speaks to officers (cropped).jpg100pxalt=Sir Richard Hull]]19071989
Seaforth Highlanders19071996
Royal Artillery[[File:GHB Constable of HM The Tower of London photo frame size.jpg100pxalt=Sir Geoffrey Baker]]19121980
Royal Tank Corps19152001
King's Royal Rifle Corps19212004
— (King of Nepal)[[File:Birendra Bir Bikram Shah.jpg100pxalt=Birendra Bir Bikram Shah]]19452001
King's Royal Rifle Corps[[File:Lord Bramall.jpg100pxalt=Edwin Bramall]]19232019
7th Queen's Own Hussars19252007
Green Howards19272002
Royal Artillery19312018
2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)19312022
Royal Scots Greys – (Royal Family)[[File:Duke of Kent2013,6.jpg100pxalt=Prince Edward]]1935living
Green Howards[[File:Field Marshal Sir Peter Inge KG, GCB.JPG100pxalt=Peter Inge]]19352022
Welsh Guards, Royal Navy, and Royal Air Force
Ex officio – (Royal Family)[[File:Charles III (No. 4 Dress) Salute 2024.jpgalt=Charles, Prince of Wales133x133px]]1948living
Welsh Guards[[File:General Guthrie.jpg100pxalt=Charles Guthrie]]19382025
Royal Anglian Regiment[[File:General Sir Michael Walker.png100pxalt=Michael Walker]]1944living
Royal Artillery[[File:Gen. Sir David Richards at NATO Summit in Chicago May 20, 2012.jpgalt=David Richards133x133px]]1952url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/4904828title=Notice 4904828publisher=London Gazetteaccess-date=14 June 2025}}living
Green Howards[[File:Chief of the Defence Staff, General Sir Nicholas Houghton GCB, CBE, ADC Gen. MOD 45155682.jpgalt=Nicholas Houghton150x150px]]195414 June 2025living

Notes

References

Footnotes

Works cited

References

  1. {{London Gazette. (7 December 2012)
  2. (16 June 2012). "The Queen appoints the Prince of Wales to honorary five star".
  3. (16 May 2013). "Photograph of Prince Philip as Captain General Royal Marines wearing the insignia of a field marshal". [[Getty Images]].
  4. (1934). "Dress Regulations for the Army". [[His Majesty's Stationery Office]].
  5. Woodward, David R.. (May 2006). "Robertson, Sir William Robert, first baronet (1860–1933)".
  6. {{London Gazette. (2 June 1950)
  7. {{London Gazette. (13 January 1953)
  8. (12 November 2019). "Ex-Armed Forces head Lord Bramall dies aged 95". [[BBC News]].
  9. "Notice 4904828". London Gazette.
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