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Federal Judicial Center
Education and research agency of the U.S. federal courts
Education and research agency of the U.S. federal courts
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| seal | Federal Judicial Center logo.png |
| picture | Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building front.JPG |
| picture_caption | Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building |
| formed | December 20, 1967 |
| jurisdiction | United States Judiciary |
| headquarters | Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building |
| Washington, D.C. | |
| employees | 128 (2015) |
| budget | $27 million (2016) |
| chief1_name | Robin L. Rosenberg |
| chief1_position | director |
| parent_agency | Judicial Conference of the United States |
| website |
Washington, D.C.
The Federal Judicial Center (FJC) is the education and research agency of the federal judiciary of the United States. It was established by in 1967, at the recommendation of the Judicial Conference of the United States.
According to , the main areas of responsibility for the center include:
- conducting and promoting "research and study of the operation of the courts of the United States," and to act to encourage and coordinate the same by others;
- developing "recommendations for improvement of the administration and management of [U.S.] courts," and presenting these to the Judicial Conference of the U.S.; and
- through all means available, see to conducting programs for the "continuing education and training for personnel" of the U.S. judiciary, for all employees in the justice system, from judges through probation officers and mediators.
In addition to these major provisions, §620 (b)(4)(5)(6) sets forth the additional provisions that the FJC will (i) provide staff and assistance to the Judicial Conference and component bodies, (ii) coordinate programs and research on the administration of justice with the State Justice Institute, and (iii) cooperatively assist other government agencies in providing advice, and receiving advice, regarding judicial administration in foreign countries, in each of these cases, to the extent it is "consistent with the performance of the other functions set forth" earlier.
The code also states (§621) that the chief justice of the United States is the permanent chair of the center's board, and that it includes the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts and seven federal judges elected by the Judicial Conference.
History
The Federal Judicial Center was established by Congress on the recommendation of Chief Justice Earl Warren and other members of the judiciary who hoped that regular programs of research and education would improve the efficiency of the federal courts and help to relieve the backlog of cases in the lower courts. Governed by its own board, the Federal Judicial Center offered the courts the benefits of independent social science research and educational programs designed to improve judicial administration.
In the 1950s and early 1960s, the Judicial Conference and the Administrative Office increasingly commissioned research projects to examine problems of judicial administration and organized educational programs to help judges manage growing and complicated caseloads. These research and educational programs had no permanent staff or funding. Support for an institutionalized program of judicial research and education increased after the establishment of 60 new district judgeships in 1961 demonstrated that the number of judges alone would not solve all of the problems of overworked courts. A growing number of judges and members of the bar urged the judiciary to establish a formal means to bring improved research and education to the courts.
At the suggestion of Chief Justice Warren, the Judicial Conference in 1966 authorized a committee to examine the research and education requirements of the judiciary. Former justice Stanley Reed agreed to Warren’s request to chair the committee. As the Reed committee formulated its recommendation for establishment of a Federal Judicial Center, President Johnson, at Warren’s request, included the proposal in his highly publicized message on crime in February 1967. The Judicial Committee adopted the recommendation. Bills to create the center were soon submitted in both houses of Congress. With broad support for the concept of a research and education center for the judiciary, discussion in the House and Senate hearings centered on questions about the proper institutional form and leadership for the center.
The Reed Committee and the director of the Administrative Office, among others, advocated an independent agency with its own governing board to which the center director would report. The goal was to protect the research and education resources from being absorbed into strictly administrative duties and to insure the objectivity of research. The Federal Judicial Center’s board consists of the chief justice, a rotating group of judges selected by the Judicial Conference, and the director of the Administrative Office; no member of the Judicial Conference was to serve on the center’s board. The statute authorizes the center to conduct and support research on the operation of the courts, to offer education and training for judges and court personnel, and to assist and advise the Judicial Conference on matters related to the administration and management of the courts. Later legislation expanded the center’s mandate to include programs related to the history of the federal judiciary.
Organization
The center includes several offices and divisions.
The Director's Office is responsible for the center's overall management and its relations with other organizations. Its Office of Systems Innovation and Development (OSID) provides technical support for Center education and research. Communications Policy and Design (CPD) edits, produces, and distributes all Center print and electronic publications, operates the Federal Judicial Television Network, and through the Information Services Office maintains a specialized library collection of materials on judicial administration.
The Research Division undertakes empirical and exploratory research on federal judicial processes, federal court rules, judicial resources, court administration and case management, federal-state jurisdiction and cooperation, and sentencing and its consequences, often at the request of the Judicial Conference and its committees, the courts themselves, or other groups in the federal system. Elizabeth Wiggins is the current director of the research division. She is the third research division director in the history of the Federal Judicial Center.
The Federal Judicial History Office develops programs relating to the history of the judicial branch and assists courts with their own judicial history program.
The Education Division plans and organizes educational sessions for federal judges and court staff.
The International Judicial Relations Office carries out the center's statutory mission to provide information about federal courts to officials of foreign judicial systems and to acquire information about foreign judicial systems that will help the center perform its other missions. The office administers the center's International Visitor briefing program and the Visiting Foreign Judicial Fellows Program.
A nonprofit organization, the Federal Judicial Center Foundation, solicits support for the center.
Fellowships and visitorships
Individuals from outside the United States seeking to learn more about the work of the Federal Judicial Center can apply to the International Visitor briefing program or the Visiting Foreign Judicial Fellows Program, discussed above. U.S. citizens can seek a one-year placement at the Federal Judicial Center as part of the U.S. Supreme Court Fellows Program.
Leadership
Directors
The director of the FJC is elected by the center's board of directors.
| # | Name | Began | Ended | Prior position |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tom C. Clark | 1968 | 1970 | Retired justice, SCOTUS |
| 2 | Alfred P. Murrah | 1970 | 1974 | Judge, 10th Cir. |
| 3 | Walter Edward Hoffman | 1974 | 1977 | Judge, E.D. Va. |
| 4 | A. Leo Levin | 1977 | 1987 | Professor, University of Pennsylvania Law School |
| 5 | John Cooper Godbold | 1987 | 1990 | Judge, 11th Cir. |
| 6 | William Schwarzer | 1990 | 1995 | Judge, N.D. Cal. |
| 7 | Rya W. Zobel | 1995 | 1999 | Judge, D. Mass. |
| 8 | Fern M. Smith | 1999 | 2003 | Judge, N.D. Cal. |
| 9 | Barbara Jacobs Rothstein | 2003 | 2011 | Judge, W.D. Wash. |
| 10 | Jeremy Fogel | 2011 | 2018 | Judge, N.D. Cal. |
| 11 | John S. Cooke | 2018 | 2025 | Deputy director, FJC |
| 12 | Robin L. Rosenberg | 2025 | Incumbent | Judge, S.D. Fla. |
Board members
Since it was founded, the center's board of directors has included the Chief Justice, two circuit judges, three district judges, and the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. It has been expanded twice, in 1979 to include a bankruptcy judge, and in 1997 to include a magistrate judge. While the Chief Justice undergoes presidential appointment and congressional confirmation, and the AO director is appointed by the Chief Justice, the individual judges are elected to the board for four-year terms by the Judicial Conference of the United States.
| Year | Chief Justice | Circuit judge | Circuit judge | District judge | District judge | District judge | AO director | Bankruptcy judge | Magistrate judge |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 | Earl Warren | ||||||||
| Mar. 1968–Jun. 1969 | Wade H. McCree | ||||||||
| 6th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1968–Mar. 1973 | James Marshall Carter | ||||||||
| 9th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1968–Mar. 1971 | William McRae | ||||||||
| M.D. Fla. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1968–Mar. 1970 | Edward Devitt | ||||||||
| D. Minn. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1968–Mar. 1971 | Harold R. Tyler Jr. | ||||||||
| S.D.N.Y. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1968–Mar. 1972 | Ernest C. Friesen | ||||||||
| Mar. 1968–Feb. 1970 | |||||||||
| 1969 | Warren E. Burger | ||||||||
| Jun. 1969–Sep. 1986 | |||||||||
| 1970 | Gerhard Gesell | ||||||||
| D.D.C. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1970–Mar. 1972 | Rowland F. Kirks | ||||||||
| Jul. 1970–Nov. 1977 | |||||||||
| 1971 | Frank M. Coffin | ||||||||
| 1st Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1971–Oct. 1972 | Adrian Anthony Spears | ||||||||
| W.D. Tex. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1971–Mar. 1975 | |||||||||
| 1972 | Ruggero J. Aldisert | ||||||||
| 3rd Cir. | |||||||||
| Oct. 1972–Mar. 1979 | Marvin E. Frankel | ||||||||
| S.D.N.Y. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1972–Apr. 1978 | Walter Edward Hoffman | ||||||||
| E.D. Va. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1972–Sep. 1974 | |||||||||
| 1973 | Griffin Bell | ||||||||
| 5th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1973–Apr. 1976 | |||||||||
| 1974 | Alfred A. Arraj | ||||||||
| D. Colo. | |||||||||
| Sep. 1974–Apr. 1976 | |||||||||
| 1975 | Robert Howard Schnacke | ||||||||
| N.D. Cal. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1975–Mar. 1979 | |||||||||
| 1976 | John Cooper Godbold | ||||||||
| 5th Cir. | |||||||||
| Apr. 1976–Mar. 1981 | Frank James McGarr | ||||||||
| N.D. Ill. | |||||||||
| Apr. 1976–Mar. 1980 | |||||||||
| 1977 | William E. Foley | ||||||||
| Nov. 1977–Mar. 1985 | |||||||||
| 1978 | Aubrey Eugene Robinson Jr. | ||||||||
| D.D.C. | |||||||||
| Apr. 1978–Mar. 1982 | |||||||||
| 1979 | William Hughes Mulligan | ||||||||
| 2nd Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1979–Mar. 1981 | Otto Richard Skopil Jr. | ||||||||
| D. Ore. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1979–Sep. 1979 | Lloyd D. George | ||||||||
| D. Nev. | |||||||||
| Sep. 1979–Sep. 1983 | |||||||||
| 1980 | Donald S. Voorhees | ||||||||
| W.D. Wash. | |||||||||
| Sep. 1979–Mar. 1983 | William S. Sessions | ||||||||
| W.D. Tex. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1980–Mar. 1984 | |||||||||
| 1981 | Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy | ||||||||
| 6th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1981–Mar. 1985 | John D. Butzner Jr. | ||||||||
| 4th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1981–Mar. 1983 | |||||||||
| 1982 | Warren Keith Urbom | ||||||||
| D. Neb. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1982–Mar. 1986 | |||||||||
| 1983 | Daniel Mortimer Friedman | ||||||||
| Fed. Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1983–Mar. 1987 | Howard C. Bratton | ||||||||
| D.N.M. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1983–Mar. 1987 | John J. Galgay | ||||||||
| S.D.N.Y. | |||||||||
| Sep. 1983–May 1984 | |||||||||
| 1984 | A. David Mazzone | ||||||||
| D. Mass. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1984–Mar. 1988 | Martin V. B. Bostetter | ||||||||
| E.D. Va. | |||||||||
| Oct. 1984–Oct. 1987 | |||||||||
| 1985 | Arlin Adams | ||||||||
| 3rd Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1985–Jan. 1987 | Leonidas Ralph Mecham | ||||||||
| Jul. 1985–Jul. 2006 | |||||||||
| 1986 | William Rehnquist | ||||||||
| Sep. 1986–Sep. 2005 | José A. Cabranes | ||||||||
| D. Conn. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1986–Mar. 1990 | |||||||||
| 1987 | Alvin Benjamin Rubin | ||||||||
| 5th Cir. | |||||||||
| Jan. 1987–Mar. 1989 | Anthony Kennedy | ||||||||
| 9th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1987–Feb. 1988 | William Clark O'Kelley | ||||||||
| N.D. Ga. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1987–Mar. 1991 | Robert E. Ginsberg | ||||||||
| N.D. Ill. | |||||||||
| Oct. 1987–Oct. 1991 | |||||||||
| 1988 | J. Clifford Wallace | ||||||||
| 9th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1988–Mar. 1991 | David Dudley Dowd Jr. | ||||||||
| N.D. Ohio | |||||||||
| Mar. 1988–Mar. 1992 | |||||||||
| 1989 | Monroe G. McKay | ||||||||
| 10th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1989–Sep. 1991 | |||||||||
| 1990 | Diana E. Murphy | ||||||||
| D. Minn. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1990–Mar. 1994 | |||||||||
| 1991 | J. Harvie Wilkinson III | ||||||||
| 4th Cir. | |||||||||
| Sep. 1991–Mar. 1996 | Edward R. Becker | ||||||||
| 3rd Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1991–Mar. 1995 | Martin Leach-Cross Feldman | ||||||||
| E.D. La. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1991–Mar. 1995 | Sidney B. Brooks | ||||||||
| D. Colo. | |||||||||
| Oct. 1991–Mar. 1993 | |||||||||
| 1992 | Michael Anthony Telesca | ||||||||
| W.D.N.Y. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1992–Mar. 1996 | |||||||||
| 1993 | Elizabeth Perris | ||||||||
| D. Ore. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1993–Mar. 1997 | |||||||||
| 1994 | Marvin Aspen | ||||||||
| N.D. Ill. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1994–Mar. 1998 | |||||||||
| 1995 | Bruce M. Selya | ||||||||
| 1st Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1995–Mar. 1999 | Richard Paul Matsch | ||||||||
| D. Colo. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1995–Mar. 1999 | |||||||||
| 1996 | Pasco Bowman II | ||||||||
| 8th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1996–Mar. 1998 | Thomas F. Hogan | ||||||||
| D.D.C. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1996–Mar. 2000 | |||||||||
| 1997 | A. Thomas Small | ||||||||
| E.D.N.C. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1997–Mar. 2001 | Virginia M. Morgan | ||||||||
| E.D. Mich. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1997–Mar. 2001 | |||||||||
| 1998 | Stanley Marcus | ||||||||
| 11th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1998–Mar. 2002 | Jean Constance Hamilton | ||||||||
| E.D. Mo. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1998–Mar. 2003 | |||||||||
| 1999 | Robert Manley Parker | ||||||||
| 5th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1999–Mar. 2000 | William H. Yohn Jr. | ||||||||
| E. D. Pa. | |||||||||
| Mar. 1999–Mar. 2003 | |||||||||
| 2000 | Pauline Newman | ||||||||
| Fed. Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2000–Mar. 2004 | Robert Jensen Bryan | ||||||||
| W.D. Wash. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2000–Mar. 2004 | |||||||||
| 2001 | Robert F. Hershner Jr. | ||||||||
| M.D. Ga. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2001–Mar. 2005 | Robert B. Collings | ||||||||
| D. Mass. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2001–Mar. 2005 | |||||||||
| 2002 | Pierre N. Leval | ||||||||
| 2nd Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2002–Mar. 2006 | |||||||||
| 2003 | Sarah S. Vance | ||||||||
| E.D. La. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2003–Mar. 2007 | James Aubrey Parker | ||||||||
| D.N.M. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2003–Mar. 2007 | |||||||||
| 2004 | Terence T. Evans | ||||||||
| 7th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2004–Mar. 2008 | Bernice B. Donald | ||||||||
| W.D. Tenn. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2004–Mar. 2008 | |||||||||
| 2005 | John Roberts | ||||||||
| Sep. 2005–present | Stephen Raslavich | ||||||||
| E.D. Pa. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2005–Mar. 2009 | Karen K. Klein | ||||||||
| D.N.D. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2005–Mar. 2009 | |||||||||
| 2006 | Karen J. Williams | ||||||||
| 4th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2006–Sep. 2007 | James C. Duff | ||||||||
| Jul. 2006–Sep. 2011 | |||||||||
| 2007 | William Byrd Traxler Jr. | ||||||||
| 4th Cir. | |||||||||
| Sep. 2007–Jul. 2009 | Philip Martin Pro | ||||||||
| D. Nev. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2007–Mar. 2011 | David O. Carter | ||||||||
| C.D. Cal. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2007–Mar. 2011 | |||||||||
| 2008 | Susan H. Black | ||||||||
| 11th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2008–Mar. 2012 | Loretta Preska | ||||||||
| S.D.N.Y. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2008–Mar. 2012 | |||||||||
| 2009 | James B. Haines | ||||||||
| D. Me. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2009–Mar. 2013 | John M. Facciola | ||||||||
| D.D.C. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2009–Mar. 2013 | |||||||||
| 2010 | Edward C. Prado | ||||||||
| 5th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2010–Mar. 2014 | |||||||||
| 2011 | Kathryn H. Vratil | ||||||||
| D. Kan. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2011–Mar. 2015 | James F. Holderman | ||||||||
| N.D. Ill. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2011–Mar. 2015 | Thomas F. Hogan | ||||||||
| D.D.C. | |||||||||
| Oct. 2011–Jul. 2013 | |||||||||
| 2012 | Michael Joseph Melloy | ||||||||
| 8th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2012–Mar. 2016 | Catherine C. Blake | ||||||||
| D. Md. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2012–Mar. 2016 | |||||||||
| 2013 | John D. Bates | ||||||||
| D.D.C. | |||||||||
| Jul. 2013–Jan. 2015 | C. Ray Mullins | ||||||||
| N.D. Ga. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2013–Mar. 2017 | Jonathan W. Feldman | ||||||||
| W.D.N.Y. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2013–Mar. 2017 | |||||||||
| 2014 | Kent A. Jordan | ||||||||
| 3rd Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2014–Mar. 2018 | |||||||||
| 2015 | Kimberly J. Mueller | ||||||||
| E.D. Cal. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2015–Mar. 2019 | Curtis Lynn Collier | ||||||||
| E.D. Tenn. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2015–Mar. 2019 | James C. Duff | ||||||||
| Jan. 2015–Feb. 2021 | |||||||||
| 2016 | David S. Tatel | ||||||||
| D.C. Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2016–Mar. 2020 | George Z. Singal | ||||||||
| D. Me. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2016–Mar. 2020 | |||||||||
| 2017 | Barbara J. Houser | ||||||||
| N.D. Tex. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2017–Apr. 2020 | Tim A. Baker | ||||||||
| S.D. Ind. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2017–Mar. 2021 | |||||||||
| 2018 | Duane Benton | ||||||||
| 8th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2018–Mar. 2022 | |||||||||
| 2019 | Raymond Alvin Jackson | ||||||||
| E.D. Va. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2019–Mar. 2023 | Nancy D. Freudenthal | ||||||||
| D. Wyo. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2019–Mar. 2023 | |||||||||
| 2020 | Thomas Hardiman | ||||||||
| 3rd Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2020–Mar. 2024 | Carol Amon | ||||||||
| E.D.N.Y. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2020–Mar. 2024 | |||||||||
| 2021 | Roslynn R. Mauskopf | ||||||||
| E.D.N.Y. | |||||||||
| Feb. 2021–Jan. 2024 | Mildred Cabán | ||||||||
| D.P.R. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2021–Mar. 2025 | Anthony E. Porcelli | ||||||||
| M.D. Fla. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2021–Mar. 2025 | |||||||||
| 2022 | R. Guy Cole Jr. | ||||||||
| 6th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2022–present | |||||||||
| 2023 | B. Lynn Winmill | ||||||||
| D. Idaho | |||||||||
| Mar. 2023–present | Sara L. Ellis | ||||||||
| N.D. Ill. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2023–present | |||||||||
| 2024 | Ralph R. Erickson | ||||||||
| 8th Cir. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2024–present | Kathleen Cardone | ||||||||
| W.D. Tex. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2024–present | Robert J. Conrad | ||||||||
| W.D.N.C. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2024–present | |||||||||
| 2025 | Michelle M. Harner | ||||||||
| D. Md. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2025–present | Suzanne Mitchell | ||||||||
| W.D. Okla. | |||||||||
| Mar. 2025–present |
References
References
- Office of LRC. (1967). "U.S.C. Title 28—Judiciary and Judicial Procedure". Office of the Law Revision Counsel (LRC), U.S. House of Representatives, and the Government Printing Office (GPO).
- Specifically, the Code states that this third stipulation includes, "but is not limited to, judges, United States magistrate judges, clerks of court, probation officers, and persons serving as mediators and arbitrators." See 28 U.S.C. §620 (b)(3) (on p. 1, op. cit.),
- "Senior Staff — Federal Judicial Center".
- "The Federal Judicial Center Board". fjc.gov.
- "About the Fellowships". Supreme Court of the United States.
- "Administrative Bodies: Federal Judicial Center, 1967-present". Federal Judicial Center.
- "Federal Judicial Center: Directors". Federal Judicial Center.
- (July 25, 2018). "Federal Judicial Center Director Announcement". Supreme Court of the United States.
- (April 10, 2025). "Federal Judicial Center Director Announcement". Supreme Court of the United States.
- "Federal Judicial Center: Board Members". Federal Judicial Center.
- (March 11, 2025). "Report of the Proceedings of the Judicial Conference of the United States".
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