Surf Wiki
Save to docs
arts

From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Federal Art Project

New Deal relief program to fund the visual arts

Federal Art Project
Summary

New Deal relief program to fund the visual arts

FieldValue
nameFederal Art Project
logoFederal-Art-Project-Icon.jpg
logo_captionEagle and palette design regarded as the logo of the Federal Art Project
formed
dissolved
jurisdictionUnited States
headquartersWashington, D.C.
chief1_nameHolger Cahill
parent_departmentWorks Progress Administration (WPA)

The Federal Art Project (1935–1943) was a New Deal program to fund the visual arts in the United States. Under national director Holger Cahill, it was one of five Federal Project Number One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the largest of the New Deal art projects. It was created not as a cultural activity, but as a relief measure to employ artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic art, posters, photography, theatre scenic design, and arts and crafts. The WPA Federal Art Project established more than 100 community art centers throughout the country, researched and documented American design, commissioned a significant body of public art without restriction to content or subject matter, and sustained some 10,000 artists and craft workers during the Great Depression. According to American Heritage, “Something like 400,000 easel paintings, murals, prints, posters, and renderings were produced by WPA artists during the eight years of the project’s existence, virtually free of government pressure to control subject matter, interpretation, or style.”

Background

The Federal Art Project was the visual arts arm of Federal Project Number One, a program of the Works Progress Administration, which was intended to provide employment for struggling artists during the Great Depression. Funded under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, it operated from August 29, 1935, until June 30, 1943. It was created as a relief measure to employ artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic art, posters, photographs, Index of American Design documentation, museum and theatre scenic design, and arts and crafts. The Federal Art Project operated community art centers throughout the country where craft workers and artists worked, exhibited, and educated others. The project created more than 200,000 separate works, some of them remaining among the most significant pieces of public art in the country.

The Federal Art Project's primary goals were to employ out-of-work artists and to provide art for nonfederal municipal buildings and public spaces. Artists were paid $23.60 a week; tax-supported institutions such as schools, hospitals, and public buildings paid only for materials. The work was divided into art production, art instruction, and art research. The primary output of the art-research group was the Index of American Design, a mammoth and comprehensive study of American material culture.

As many as 10,000 artists were commissioned to produce work for the WPA Federal Art Project, the largest of the New Deal art projects. Three comparable but distinctly separate New Deal art projects were administered by the United States Department of the Treasury: the Public Works of Art Project (1933–1934), the Section of Painting and Sculpture (1934–1943), and the Treasury Relief Art Project (1935–1938).

The WPA program made no distinction between representational and nonrepresentational art. Abstraction had not yet gained favor in the 1930s and 1940s, so was virtually unsalable. As a result, the Federal Art Project supported such iconic artists as Jackson Pollock before their work could earn them income.

One particular success was the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, which started in 1935 as an experiment that employed 900 people who were classified as unemployable due to their age or disability. The project came to employ about 5,000 unskilled workers, many of them women and the long-term unemployed. Historian John Gurda observed that the city's unemployment hovered at 40% in 1933. "In that year," he said, "53 percent of Milwaukee's property taxes went unpaid because people just could not afford to make the tax payments." Workers were taught bookbinding, block printing, and design, which they used to create handmade art books and children's books. They produced toys, dolls, theatre costumes, quilts, rugs, draperies, wall hangings, and furniture that were purchased by schools, hospitals, and municipal organizations for the cost of materials only. In 2014, when the Museum of Wisconsin Art mounted an exhibition of items created by the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, furniture from it was still being used at the Milwaukee Public Library.

Holger Cahill was national director of the Federal Art Project. Other administrators included Audrey McMahon, director of the New York Region (New York, New Jersey, and Philadelphia); Clement B. Haupers, director for Minnesota; George Godfrey Thorp (Illinois), and Robert Bruce Inverarity, director for Washington. Regional New York supervisors of the Federal Art Project have included sculptor William Ehrich (1897–1960) of the Buffalo Unit (1938–1939), project director of the Buffalo Zoo expansion.

Notable artists==

Main article: List of Federal Art Project artists

Some 10,000 artists were commissioned to work for the Federal Art Project. Notable artists include the following:

  • William Abbenseth
  • Berenice Abbott
  • Ida York Abelman
  • Gertrude Abercrombie
  • Benjamin Abramowitz
  • Abe Ajay
  • Ivan Albright
  • Maxine Albro
  • Charles Alston
  • Harold Ambellan
  • Luis Arenal
  • Bruce Ariss
  • Victor Arnautoff
  • Sheva Ausubel
  • Jozef Bakos
  • Henry Bannarn
  • Belle Baranceanu
  • Patrociño Barela
  • Will Barnet
  • Richmond Barthé
  • Herbert Bayer
  • William Baziotes
  • Lester Beall
  • Harrison Begay
  • Daisy Maud Bellis
  • Rainey Bennett
  • Aaron Berkman
  • Leon Bibel
  • Robert Blackburn
  • Arnold Blanch
  • Lucile Blanch
  • Lucienne Bloch
  • Aaron Bohrod
  • Ilya Bolotowsky
  • Adele Brandeis
  • Louise Brann
  • Edgar Britton
  • Manuel Bromberg
  • James Brooks
  • Selma Burke
  • Letterio Calapai
  • Samuel Cashwan
  • Giorgio Cavallon
  • Daniel Celentano
  • Dane Chanase
  • Fay Chong
  • Claude Clark
  • Max Arthur Cohn
  • Eldzier Cortor
  • Arthur Covey
  • Alfred D. Crimi
  • Francis Criss
  • Allan Crite
  • Robert Cronbach
  • John Steuart Curry
  • Philip Campbell Curtis
  • James Daugherty
  • Stuart Davis
  • Adolf Dehn
  • Willem de Kooning
  • Joseph De Martini
  • Burgoyne Diller
  • Isami Doi
  • Mabel Dwight
  • Ruth Egri
  • Fritz Eichenberg
  • Jacob Elshin
  • George Pearse Ennis
  • Angna Enters
  • Philip Evergood
  • Louis Ferstadt
  • Alexander Finta
  • Joseph Fleck
  • Seymour Fogel
  • Lily Furedi
  • George Michael Gaethke
  • Todros Geller
  • Aaron Gelman
  • Eugenie Gershoy
  • Enrico Glicenstein
  • Vincent Glinsky
  • Bertram Goodman
  • Arshile Gorky
  • Harry Gottlieb
  • Blanche Grambs
  • Morris Graves
  • Balcomb Greene
  • Marion Greenwood
  • Waylande Gregory
  • Philip Guston
  • Irving Guyer
  • Abraham Harriton
  • Marsden Hartley
  • Knute Heldner
  • August Henkel
  • Ralf Henricksen
  • Magnus Colcord Heurlin
  • Hilaire Hiler
  • Louis Hirshman
  • Donal Hord
  • Axel Horn
  • Milton Horn
  • Allan Houser
  • Eitaro Ishigaki
  • Edwin Boyd Johnson
  • Sargent Claude Johnson
  • Tom Loftin Johnson
  • William H. Johnson
  • Leonard D. Jungwirth
  • Reuben Kadish
  • Sheffield Kagy
  • Jacob Kainen
  • David Karfunkle
  • Leon Kelly
  • Paul Kelpe
  • Troy Kinney
  • Georgina Klitgaard
  • Gene Kloss
  • Karl Knaths
  • Edwin B. Knutesen
  • Lee Krasner
  • Kalman Kubinyi
  • Yasuo Kuniyoshi
  • Jacob Lawrence
  • Edward Laning
  • Michael Lantz
  • Blanche Lazzell
  • Tom Lea
  • Lawrence Lebduska
  • Joseph Leboit
  • William Robinson Leigh
  • Julian E. Levi
  • Jack Levine
  • Monty Lewis
  • Elba Lightfoot
  • Abraham Lishinsky
  • Michael Loew
  • Thomas Gaetano LoMedico
  • Louis Lozowick
  • Nan Lurie
  • Guy Maccoy
  • Stanton Macdonald-Wright
  • George McNeil
  • Moissaye Marans
  • David Margolis
  • Kyra Markham
  • Jack Markow
  • Mercedes Matter
  • Jan Matulka
  • Dina Melicov
  • Hugh Mesibov
  • Katherine Milhous
  • Jo Mora
  • Helmuth Naumer
  • Louise Nevelson
  • James Michael Newell
  • Spencer Baird Nichols
  • Elizabeth Olds
  • John Opper
  • William C. Palmer
  • Phillip Pavia
  • Irene Rice Pereira
  • Jackson Pollock
  • George Post
  • Gregorio Prestopino
  • Mac Raboy
  • Anton Refregier
  • Ad Reinhardt
  • Misha Reznikoff
  • Mischa Richter
  • Diego Rivera
  • José de Rivera
  • Emanuel Glicen Romano
  • Mark Rothko
  • Alexander Rummler
  • Augusta Savage
  • Concetta Scaravaglione
  • Louis Schanker
  • Edwin Scheier
  • Mary Scheier
  • Carl Schmitt
  • William S. Schwartz
  • Georgette Seabrooke
  • Ben Shahn{{cite web |url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-ben-shahn-12500 |title=Oral history interview with Ben Shahn|date=October 3, 1965
  • Henrietta Shore
  • William Howard Shuster
  • Mitchell Siporin
  • John French Sloan
  • Joseph Solman{{cite web |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-joseph-solman-12928
  • William Sommer
  • Isaac Soyer
  • Moses Soyer
  • Raphael Soyer
  • Ralph Stackpole
  • Cesare Stea
  • Walter Steinhart
  • Joseph Stella
  • Harry Sternberg
  • Sakari Suzuki
  • Albert Swinden
  • Rufino Tamayo
  • Elizabeth Terrell
  • Lenore Thomas
  • Dox Thrash
  • Mark Tobey
  • Harry Everett Townsend
  • Edward Buk Ulreich
  • Charles Umlauf
  • Jacques Van Aalten
  • Stuyvesant Van Veen
  • Herman Volz
  • Mark Voris
  • John Augustus Walker
  • Andrew Winter
  • Jean Xceron
  • Edgar Yaeger
  • Bernard Zakheim
  • Karl Zerbe

Community Art Center program

The first federally sponsored community art center opened in December 1936 in Raleigh, North Carolina.

StateCityNameNotes
AlabamaBirmingham441}}
AlabamaBirminghamHealey School Art Gallery441}}
AlabamaMobileMobile Art Center, Public Library Building441}}
ArizonaPhoenixPhoenix Art Center441}}
District of ColumbiaWashington, D.C.Children's Art Gallery441}}
FloridaBradentonBradenton Art Center441}}
FloridaCoral GablesCoral Gables Art Gallery441}}
FloridaDaytona BeachDaytona Beach Art Center441}}
FloridaJacksonvilleJacksonville Art Center441}}
FloridaJacksonvilleJacksonville Beach Art Gallery441}}
FloridaJacksonvilleJacksonville Negro Art Center441}}
FloridaKey WestKey West Community Art Center441}}
FloridaMiamiMiami Art Center441}}
FloridaMiltonMilton Art Gallery441}}
FloridaNew Smyrna BeachNew Smyrna Beach Art Center441}}
FloridaOcalaOcala Art Center441}}
FloridaPensacolaPensacola Art Center441}}
FloridaSt. PetersburgJordan Park Negro Exhibition Center441}}
FloridaSt. PetersburgSt. Petersburg Art Center442}}
FloridaSt. PetersburgSt. Petersburg Civic Exhibition Center442}}
FloridaTampaTampa Art Center442}}
FloridaTampaWest Tampa Negro Art Gallery442}}
IllinoisChicagoHyde Park Art Center442}}
IllinoisChicagoSouth Side Community Art Center442}}
IowaMason CityMason City Art Center442}}
IowaOttumwaOttumwa Art Center442}}
IowaSioux CitySioux City Art Center442}}
KansasTopekaTopeka Art Center442}}
MinnesotaMinneapolisWalker Art Center442}}
MississippiGreenvilleDelta Art Center442}}
MississippiOxfordOxford Art Center442}}
MississippiSunflowerSunflower County Art Center442}}
MissouriSt. LouisThe People's Art Center442}}
MontanaButteButte Art Center442}}
MontanaGreat FallsGreat Falls Art Center442}}
New MexicoGallupGallup Art Center443}}
New MexicoMelroseMelrose Art Center443}}
New MexicoRoswellRoswell Museum and Art Center443}}
New York CityBrooklynBrooklyn Community Art Center443}}
New York CityManhattanContemporary Art Center443}}
New York CityHarlemHarlem Community Art Center443}}
New York CityFlushing, QueensQueensboro Community Art Center443}}
North CarolinaCaryCary Gallery443}}
North CarolinaGreensboroGreensboro Art Centerlast=Parkerfirst=Thomas C.date=October 15, 1938title=Federally Sponsored Community Art Centersurl=http://newdeal.feri.org/ala/al38807.htmjournal=Bulletin of the American Library Associationpublisher=American Library Associationvolume=32issue=11page=807access-date=2015-10-25archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919190719/http://newdeal.feri.org/ala/al38807.htmarchive-date=September 19, 2015url-status=dead }}
North CarolinaGreenvilleGreenville Art Gallery443}}
North CarolinaRaleighCrosby-Garfield School443}}
North CarolinaRaleighNeedham B. Broughton High School443}}
North CarolinaRaleighRaleigh Art Center444}}
North CarolinaWilmingtonWilmington Art Center443}}
OklahomaBristowBristow Art Gallery443}}
OklahomaClaremoreClaremore Art Gallery443}}
OklahomaClaremoreWill Rogers Public Library443}}
OklahomaClintonClinton Art Gallery443}}
OklahomaCushingCushing Art Gallery443}}
OklahomaEdmondEdmond Art Gallery443}}
OklahomaMarlowMarlow Art Gallery443}}
OklahomaOklahoma CityOklahoma Art Center443}}
OklahomaOkmulgeeOkmulgee Art Center443}}
OklahomaSapulpaSapulpa Art Gallery443}}
OklahomaShawneeShawnee Art Gallery443}}
OklahomaSkiatookSkiatook Art Gallery443}}
OregonGold BeachCurry County Art Center444}}
OregonLa GrandeGrande Ronde Valley Art Center444}}
OregonSalemSalem Art Center444}}
PennsylvaniaSomersetSomerset Art Center444}}
TennesseeChattanoogaHamilton County Art Center444}}
TennesseeMemphisLeMoyne Art Center444}}
TennesseeNashvillePeabody Art Center444}}
TennesseeNorrisAnderson County Art Center444}}
UtahCedar CityCedar City Art Exhibition Association444}}
UtahHelperHelper Community Gallery444}}
UtahPricePrice Community Gallery444}}
UtahProvoProvo Community Gallery444}}
UtahSalt Lake CityUtah State Art Center444}}
VirginiaAltavistaAltavista Extension Gallery445}}
VirginiaBig Stone GapBig Stone Gap Art Gallery444}}
VirginiaLynchburgLynchburg Art Gallery444}}
VirginiaRichmondChildren's Art Gallery444}}
VirginiaSaludaMiddlesex County Museum444}}
WashingtonChehalisLewis County Exhibition Center444}}
WashingtonPullmanWashington State College444}}
WashingtonSpokaneSpokane Art Center444}}
West VirginiaMorgantownMorgantown Art Center445}}
West VirginiaParkersburgParkersburg Art Center445}}
West VirginiaScotts RunScotts Run Art Gallery445}}
WyomingCasperCasper Art Gallery445}}
WyomingLanderLander Art Gallery445}}
WyomingLaramieLaramie Art Center445}}
WyomingNewcastleLander Art Gallery445}}
WyomingRawlinsRawlins Art Gallery445}}
WyomingRivertonRiverton Art Gallery445}}
WyomingRock SpringsRock Springs Art Gallery445}}
WyomingSheridanSheridan Art Gallery445}}
WyomingTorringtonTorrington Art Gallery445}}

Index of American Design

Main article: Index of American Design

Federal Art Project Illinois poster for an exhibition of the Index of American Design

The Index of American Design program of the Federal Art Project produced a pictorial survey of the crafts and decorative arts of the United States from the early colonial period to 1900. Artists working for the Index produced nearly 18,000 meticulously faithful watercolor drawings, documenting material culture by largely anonymous artisans. Objects surveyed ranged from furniture, silver, glass, stoneware and textiles to tavern signs, ships's figureheads, cigar-store figures, carousel horses, toys, tools and weather vanes. Photography was used only to a limited degree since artists could more accurately and effectively present the form, character, color and texture of the objects. The best drawings approach the work of such 19th-century trompe-l'œil painters as William Harnett; lesser works represent the process of artists who were given employment and expert training.

"It was not a nostalgic or antiquarian enterprise," wrote historian Roger G. Kennedy. "It was initiated by modernists dedicated to abstract design, hoping to influence industrial design — thus in many ways it parallelled the founding philosophy of the Museum of Modern Art in New York."

[[Holger Cahill]], national director of the Federal Art Project, speaking at the [[Harlem Community Art Center]] (October 24, 1938)

Like all WPA programs, the Index had the primary purpose of providing employment. Its function was to identify and record material of historical significance that had not been studied and was in danger of being lost. Its aim was to gather together these pictorial records into a body of material that would form the basis for organic development of American design — a usable American past accessible to artists, designers, manufacturers, museums, libraries and schools. The United States had no single comprehensive collection of authenticated historical native design comparable to those available to scholars, artists and industrial designers in Europe.

"In one sense the Index is a kind of archaeology," wrote Holger Cahill. "It helps to correct a bias which has tended to relegate the work of the craftsman and the folk artist to the subconscious of our history where it can be recovered only by digging. In the past we have lost whole sequences out of their story, and have all but forgotten the unique contribution of hand skills in our culture."

The Index of American Design operated in 34 states and the District of Columbia from 1935 to 1942. It was founded by Romana Javitz, head of the Picture Collection of the New York Public Library, and textile designer Ruth Reeves. Reeves was appointed the first national coordinator; she was succeeded by C. Adolph Glassgold (1936) and Benjamin Knotts (1940). Constance Rourke was national editor. The work is in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

The Index employed an average of 300 artists during its six years in operation. One artist was Magnus S. Fossum, a longtime farmer who was compelled by the Depression to move from the Midwest to Florida. After he lost his left hand in an accident in 1934, he produced watercolor renderings for the Index, using magnifiers and drafting instruments for accuracy and precision. Fossum eventually received an insurance settlement that made it possible for him to buy another farm and leave the Federal Art Project.

In her essay,'Picturing a Usable Past,' Virginia Tuttle Clayton, curator of the 2002-2003 exhibition, Drawing on America's Past: Folk Art, Modernism, and the Index of American Design, held at the National Gallery of Art noted that "the Index of American Design was the result of an ambitious and creative effort to furnish for the visual arts a usable past." File:Panel from reredos, church of sanctuario at chimayo 1943.8.6818.jpg|Panel from reredos at the Church of Sanctuario at Chimayo File:Fly Catcher.jpg|Fly Catcher, 1937. Frank McEntee. National Gallery of Art File:Magnus-Fossum-Index-of-American-Design-1940.jpg|Magnus Fossum copying the 1770 Boston Town Coverlet (February 1940) File:Boston-Town-Coverlet-Magnus-Fossum-D12855.jpg|Boston Town Coverlet Magnus Fossum (1935–1942) File:Poke Bonnet.jpg|Poke Bonnet,Irene Lawson. Index of American Design. National Gallery of Art File:Daguerreotype case 1943.8.9185.jpg|Daguerreotype Case Index of American Design File:Age of chivalry circus wagon 1943.8.7735.jpg|"Age of Chivalry" Circus Wagon, c. 1938 File:Noah's ark and animals 1943.8.7806.jpg|Noah's Ark with animals

Poster Division

WPA poster advertising art classes for children

WPA Poster Division The WPA Poster Division was headed by Richard Floethe. The WPA Poster Division is thought to have produced upward of 35,000 designs and printed some two million posters, originally by hand but quickly transitioning to widespread adoption of the silkscreen process. The Poster Division began in New York City and by 1938 had artists in 18 states; the Chicago unit was the second-most productive after New York. According to preeminent New Deal art historian Francis V. O’Connor, only about 2,000 surviving examples of WPA poster art are held in the nation’s library and museum print collections.

WPA Art Recovery Project

Hundreds of thousands of artworks were commissioned under the Federal Art Project. Many of the portable works have been lost, abandoned, or given away as unauthorized gifts. As custodian of the work, which remains federal property, the General Services Administration (GSA) maintains an inventory and works with the FBI and art community to identify and recover WPA art. In 2010, it produced a 22-minute documentary about the WPA Art Recovery Project, "Returning America’s Art to America", narrated by Charles Osgood.

In July 2014, the GSA estimated that only 20,000 of the portable works have been located to date. In 2015, GSA investigators found 122 Federal Art Project paintings in California libraries, where most had been stored and forgotten.

References

References

  1. Laning, Edward. (1970-10-01). "When Uncle Sam Played Patron of the Arts: Memoirs of a WPA Painter". American Heritage.
  2. "Employment and Activities poster for the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1936". [[Smithsonian Institution]].
  3. Kalfatovic, Martin R.. (1994). "The New Deal Fine Arts Projects: A Bibliography, 1933–1992". Scarecrow Press.
  4. Brenner, Anita. (April 10, 1938). "America Creates American Murals". [[The New York Times]].
  5. "New Deal Artwork: GSA's Inventory Project". [[General Services Administration]].
  6. Atkins, Robert (1993). ''ArtSpoke: A Guide to Modern Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords, 1848-1944''. [[Abbeville Publishing Group. Abbeville Press]]. {{ISBN. 978-1-55859-388-6.
  7. Whaley, K. P.. (April 30, 2014). "Depression-Era Milwaukee Handicraft Project Put Thousands of People to Work". [[Wisconsin Public Radio]].
  8. "WPA – Milwaukee Handicraft Project". [[Museum of Wisconsin Art]].
  9. Roosevelt, Eleanor. (November 13, 1936). "My Day". [[The George Washington University]].
  10. "WPA Milwaukee Handicraft Project". [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]].
  11. "WPA Art Project". [[Minnesota Historical Society]].
  12. Smithsonian. Archives of American Art. [https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/george-godfrey-thorp-papers-5770 George Godfrey Thorp papers, 1941–1970]
  13. Ehrich, Nancy and Roger. "William Ernst Ehrich Biography".
  14. (November 23, 1964). "Oral history interview with William Abbenseth". Smithsonian Institution.
  15. "Background". [[New York Public Library]].
  16. "Gertrude Abercrombie papers". Smithsonian Institution.
  17. "The Artist and His Life". S.A. Rosenbaum & Associates.
  18. "Abe Ajay, ''Industry''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  19. (2009). "When Art Worked: The New Deal, Art, and Democracy". [[RCS MediaGroup.
  20. (July 27, 1964). "Oral history interview with Maxine Albro and Parker Hall". Smithsonian Institution.
  21. (September 28, 1965). "Oral history interview with Charles Henry Alston". Smithsonian Institution.
  22. "The Artists of Buffalo's Willert Park Courts Sculptures". Western New York Heritage Press.
  23. (August 7, 1936). "Luis Arenal". Smithsonian Institution.
  24. "Pacific Grove High School Mural – Pacific Grove CA". Department of Geography, [[University of California, Berkeley]].
  25. "George Washington High School: Arnautoff Mural – San Francisco CA". Department of Geography, [[University of California, Berkeley]].
  26. (March 30, 1937). "Sheva Ausubel". Smithsonian Institution.
  27. "Oral history interview with Jozef and Teresa Bakos, 1965". Smithsonian Institution.
  28. "Henry W. Bannarn, ca. 1937". Smithsonian Institution.
  29. "Belle Baranceanu (1902-1988)". San Diego History Center.
  30. (July 2, 1964). "Oral history interview with Patrociño Barela". Smithsonian Institution.
  31. "Will Barnet, ''Labor''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  32. "Richmond Barthe, 1941 Apr. 4". Smithsonian Institution.
  33. "William and Ethel Baziotes papers, 1916–1992". Smithsonian Institution.
  34. "WPA Art Collection – Gallup NM". Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley.
  35. Edward Alden Jewell (August 27, 1933). "“Musings Way Down east,” New York Times"
  36. (27 August 1933). "Bellis, Daisy Maud".
  37. Cahill, Holger. (1936). "New Horizons in American Art". [[Museum of Modern Art]].
  38. Abbott, Leala. (December 2004). "Arts and Culture, Art Center records 1930–2004, Finding Aid". [[92nd Street Y]].
  39. "Leon Bibel: Art, Activism, and the WPA". [[University of Richmond]].
  40. "Lucile Blanch, 1940 Oct. 31". Smithsonian Institution.
  41. "1939 World's Fair Mural Study – Chicago IL". Department of Geography, [[University of California, Berkeley]].
  42. "Williamsburg Housing Development Murals – Brooklyn NY". Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley.
  43. (June 1, 1965). "Oral history interview with Adele Brandeis". Smithsonian Institution.
  44. "Louise Brann, ca. 1935". Smithsonian Institution.
  45. "Manuel Bromberg, 1939 Jan. 23". Smithsonian Institution.
  46. (June 10–12, 1965). "Oral history interview with James Brooks". Smithsonian Institution.
  47. . (April 5, 1936). "Bailey, Chief Librarian, Praises WPA Art Project". *Long Island Sunday Press*.
  48. "Selma Burke". Smithsonian Institution.
  49. "Letterio Calapai, ca. 1937". Smithsonian Institution.
  50. "Oral history interview with Giorgio Cavallon, 1974". Smithsonian Institution.
  51. "P.S. 150 Mural – Queens NY". Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley.
  52. "Dane Chanase, 1942 Jan. 26". Smithsonian Institution.
  53. Mahoney, Eleanor. (2012). "The Federal Art Project in Washington State". Pacific Northwest Labor and Civil Rights Project, [[University of Washington]].
  54. "Claude Clark Sr., ''In the Groove''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  55. "Max Arthur Cohn". [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]].
  56. (2010). "Recovering America's Art for America". [[General Services Administration]].
  57. "Artists". [[Connecticut State Library]].
  58. "Artist: Alfred D. Crimi".
  59. "Francis Criss, 1940 Oct. 29". Smithsonian Institution.
  60. "History and Mission". [[Phoenix Art Museum]].
  61. Conn, Charis. (February 15, 2013). "Art in Public: Stuart Davis on Abstract Art and the WPA, 1939". [[WNYC]].
  62. "Adolf Dehn, 1940 Oct. 29". Smithsonian Institution.
  63. "Joseph De Martini in the GSA Fine Arts Collection". U.S. General Services Administration.
  64. (October 2, 1964). "Oral history interview with Burgoyne Diller". Smithsonian Institution.
  65. "Isami Doi, ''Near Coney Island''". [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].
  66. "Ruth Egri, 1937 Apr. 12". Smithsonian Institution.
  67. "Fritz Eichenberg, ''April''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  68. "George Pearse Ennis, ca. 1936". Smithsonian Institution.
  69. "Angna Enters, 1940 Nov. 18". Smithsonian Institution.
  70. "Louis Ferstadt, 1939 Jan. 25". Smithsonian Institution.
  71. "Alexander Finta, 1939 June 14". Smithsonian Institution.
  72. "Federal Art Project, Photographic Division collection, circa 1920–1965, bulk 1935–1942". Smithsonian Institution.
  73. Hughes, Edan Milton. (1986). "Artists in California, 1786-1940". Hughes Publishing Company.
  74. "Activist Arts". [[National Archives and Records Administration]].
  75. "Eugenie Gershoy, 1938 Mar. 28". Smithsonian Institution.
  76. "Enrico Glicenstein, 1940 Sept. 29". Smithsonian Institution.
  77. "Vincent Glinsky, 1939 Mar. 8". Smithsonian Institution.
  78. "Bertram Goodman, ca. 1939". Smithsonian Institution.
  79. "Marion Greenwood, 1940 June 4". Smithsonian Institution.
  80. (June 2, 1937). "Waylande Gregory". Smithsonian Institution.
  81. "Irving Guyer, ''Reading by Lamplight''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  82. "Abraham Harriton, 1938 Aug. 16". Smithsonian Institution.
  83. (January 10, 2011). "Federal Art Project". Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities.
  84. "August Henkel, ca. 1939". Smithsonian Institution.
  85. "Ralf C. Henricksen, 1938". Smithsonian Institution.
  86. (1941). "Service on the home front There's a job for every Pennsylvanian in these civilian defense efforts.". Library of Congress.
  87. (1941). "Stop and get your free fag bag Careless matches aid the Axis.". Library of Congress.
  88. "Donal Hord, 1937". Smithsonian Institution.
  89. "Axel Horr [sic], 1940 June 28". Smithsonian Institution.
  90. "Milton Horn, c. 1937". Smithsonian Institution.
  91. "Eitaro Ishigaki, ca. 1940". Smithsonian Institution.
  92. "Sargent Claude Johnson, ''Dorothy C.''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  93. "Tom Loftin Johnson, 1938". Smithsonian Institution.
  94. "William H. Johnson: A Guide for Teachers". Smithsonian Institution.
  95. "Reuben Kadish, ''Conversation with a Quarry Master''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  96. "Sheffield Kagy, ''Symphony Conductor''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  97. "Jacob Kainen, ''Rooming House''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  98. "David Karfunkle, ca. 1938". Smithsonian Institution.
  99. (August 2025). "WPA - Works Progress Administration - New Deal Artists | MOWA Online Archive".
  100. (November 2, 1964 – April 11, 1968). "Oral history interview with Lee Krasner". Smithsonian Institution.
  101. "Kalman Kubinyi, ''Skaters''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  102. "Michael Lantz". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  103. "New Mexico State University: Branson Library Art – Las Cruces NM". Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley.
  104. "Joseph Leboit, ''Tranquility''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  105. "Monty Lewis, 1938 May 26". Smithsonian Institution.
  106. "Elba Lightfoot, 1938 Jan. 14". Smithsonian Institution.
  107. (October 28, 1935). "Murals Approved of 5 WPA Artists". The New York Times.
  108. "Thomas Gaetano Lo Medico, 1938 May 12". Smithsonian Institution.
  109. (July 24, 1965). "Oral history interview with Guy and Genoi Pettit Maccoy". Smithsonian Institution.
  110. "Federal Art Project Artists, 1937". Smithsonian Institution.
  111. "Moissaye Marans, ca. 1939". Smithsonian Institution.
  112. "David Margolis, 1940 May 29". Smithsonian Institution.
  113. "Jack Markow, ''Street in Manasquan''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  114. (2003). "Mercedes Matter Interview Excerpts". PBS.
  115. "Dina Melicov, 1939 Apr. 26". Smithsonian Institution.
  116. "Hugh Mesibov".
  117. "King City High School Auditorium Bas Reliefs – King City CA". Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley.
  118. "Louise Nevelson". [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation]].
  119. "James Michael Newell, ca. 1937". Smithsonian Institution.
  120. "Elizabeth Olds, 1937". Smithsonian Institution.
  121. Mary Ann Marger. (1990-05-07). "Thinking in the Abstract Series". St. Petersburg Times.
  122. "William C. Palmer, 1936". Smithsonian Institution.
  123. "Irene Rice Pereira, 1938 Aug. 22". Smithsonian Institution.
  124. "Jackson Pollock". Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation.
  125. "Mac Raboy, ''Hitchhiker''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  126. (1964). "Oral history interview with Ad Reinhardt". Smithsonian Institution.
  127. "City College of San Francisco: Rivera Mural – San Francisco CA". Department of Geography, [[University of California, Berkeley]].
  128. (February 24, 1968). "Oral history interview with José de Rivera". Smithsonian Institution.
  129. "Emanuel Glicen Romano, 1936 Nov. 23". Smithsonian Institution.
  130. "Augusta Savage". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  131. "The Harp by Augusta Savage".
  132. (1963). "Oral history interview with Louis Schanker". Smithsonian Institution.
  133. (February 12, 2015). "Edwin & Mary Scheier". New Hampshire State Council on the Arts.
  134. Pogrebin, Robin. (September 16, 2012). "At Harlem Hospital, Murals Get a New Life". The New York Times.
  135. "Rikers Island WPA Murals – East Elmhurst NY". Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley.
  136. "A Gift to the City: The Post Office Murals of Henrietta Shore". Santa Cruz Museum of Art & History.
  137. "Oral history interview with Will Shuster, 1964". Smithsonian Institution.
  138. "Lane Tech College Prep High School Auditorium Mural – Chicago IL". Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley.
  139. "Isaac Soyer, ''A Nickel a Shine''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  140. "George Washington High School: Stackpole Mural – San Francisco CA". Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley.
  141. "Cesare Stea, 1939 Mar. 2". Smithsonian Institution.
  142. "Sakari Suzuki, 1936 Dec. 2". Smithsonian Institution.
  143. Dunlap, David W.. (November 5, 2014). "At Future Cornell Campus, the First Step in Restoring Murals Is Finding Them". The New York Times.
  144. (August 2025). "Timeline under Charles Umlauf bio on the UMLAUF Website}}{{Dead link".
  145. "Jacques Van Aalten, 1938 May 26". Smithsonian Institution.
  146. "Stuyvesant Van Veen papers, circa 1926-1988". Smithsonian Institution.
  147. "Herman Roderick Volz, ''Lockout''". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  148. "Oral history interview with Mark Voris, 1965 February 11".
  149. "Murals by John Augustus Walker on permanent display in the Museum of Mobile lobby, Mobile, Alabama". Library of Congress.
  150. "Jean Xceron, 1942 Jan. 13". Smithsonian Institution.
  151. "Edgar L. Yaeger papers, 1923-1989". Smithsonian Institution.
  152. "California Federal Art Project papers, 1935-1964". Smithsonian Institution.
  153. Nolte, Carl. (February 27, 2015). "UCSF to let public see trove of medical history murals". [[San Francisco Chronicle]].
  154. "Children drawing at the Jacksonville Negro Art Center of the WPA Federal Art Project- Jacksonville, Florida". State Library and Archives of Florida.
  155. Rash, John. (January 30, 2015). "The Walker's WPA roots are still relevant today". [[Star Tribune]].
  156. Grieve, Victoria. (2009). "The Federal Art Project and the Creation of Middlebrow Culture". [[University of Illinois Press]].
  157. Abbott, Leala. (December 2004). "Arts and Culture, Art Center records 1930–2004, Finding Aid". [[92nd Street Y]].
  158. Parker, Thomas C.. (October 15, 1938). "Federally Sponsored Community Art Centers". [[American Library Association]].
  159. Mahoney, Eleanor. (2012). "The Spokane Arts Center: Bringing Art to the People". Pacific Northwest Labor and Civil Rights Project, [[University of Washington]].
  160. Cahill, Holger. (1950). "The Index of American Design". [[Macmillan Publishers.
  161. Herzberg, Max. (October 15, 1950). "American Craftsmanship Offers Beauty and Utility". [[Newark Evening News]].
  162. Jones, Louis C.. (October 22, 1950). "Only Yesterday It Was Wooden Indians and Whittled Toys". The New York Times.
  163. Jewell, Edward Alden. (March 19, 1939). "Saving Our Usable Past". The New York Times.
  164. "History". [[National Gallery of Art]].
  165. ''Drawing on America's Past: Folk Art, Modernism, and the Index of American Design'' by Virginia Tuttle Clayton, Elizabeth Stillinger, [[Erika Doss]], and Deborah Chotner. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 2002.
  166. DeNoon, Christopher. (1987). "Posters of the WPA". Wheatley Press, in association with the University of Washington Press, Seattle.
  167. Carter, Ennis. (2008). "Posters for the people : art of the WPA". Quirk Books.
  168. "Works Progress Administration (WPA) Art Recovery Project". General Services Administration.
  169. Naylor, Brian. (April 16, 2014). "New Deal Treasure: Government Searches For Long-Lost Art". [[NPR]].
  170. "New Deal Artwork: GSA's Inventory Project". [[General Services Administration]].
  171. "New Deal Artwork: Ownership and Responsibility". [[General Services Administration]].
  172. "Works Progress Administration (WPA) Art Recovery Project". [[Office of the Inspector General]], General Services Administration.
  173. MacFarlane, Scott. (September 17, 2014). "Lost History: Hunting for WPA Paintings". [[WRC-TV.
  174. MacFarlane, Scott. (April 20, 2015). "Dozens of Pieces of Lost WPA Art Found in California". NBC 4.
Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

federal-art-project new-deal-projects-of-the-arts works-progress-administration new-deal-agencies american-art murals-in-the-united-states 1935-establishments-in-washington,-d.c. government-agencies-established-in-1935 cultural-history-of-the-united-states public-art-in-the-united-states modern-art 1943-disestablishments-in-washington,-d.c.
Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Federal Art Project — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report