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Fathers of Confederation

List of the founders of Canada

Summary

List of the founders of Canada

The Fathers of Confederation are the 36 people who attended at least one of the Charlottetown Conference of 1864 (23 attendees), the Quebec Conference of 1864 (33 attendees), and the London Conference of 1866 (16 attendees), preceding Canadian Confederation. Only twelve people attended all three conferences.

Table of participation

The following table lists the participants in the Charlottetown, Quebec, and London Conferences and their attendance at each stage.

Participant	Portrait	Province (Current)	Charlottetown	Quebec City	London
Sir Adams George Archibald	[[File:Adams George Archibald.jpg	center	100px]]	Nova Scotia	Yes	Yes	Yes
[[George Brown (Canadian politician)	George Brown	[[File:Brown-sm.jpg	center	100px]]	Ontario	Yes	Yes	No
Sir Alexander Campbell	[[File:Sir Alexander Campbell.jpg	center	100px]]	Ontario	Yes	Yes	No
Sir Frederick Carter	[[File:FrederickCarter.jpg	center	100px]]	Newfoundland and Labrador	No	Yes	No
Sir George-Étienne Cartier	[[File:George-Etienne Cartier.jpg	center	100px]]	Quebec	Yes	Yes	Yes
Edward Barron Chandler	[[File:Edward Barron Chandler.jpg	center	100px]]	New Brunswick	Yes	Yes	Yes
Jean-Charles Chapais	[[File:Jean-Charles Chapais.jpg	center	100px]]	Quebec	No	Yes	No
James Cockburn	[[File:James Cockburn.jpg	center	100px]]	Ontario	No	Yes	No
George Coles	[[File:GeorgeColes.jpg	center	100px]]	Prince Edward Island	Yes	Yes	No
Robert B. Dickey	[[File:Robert B. Dickey.jpg	center	100px]]	Nova Scotia	Yes	Yes	No
Charles Fisher	[[File:CharlesFisher23.jpg	center	100px]]	New Brunswick	No	Yes	Yes
Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt	[[File:Sir Alexander Galt (cropped).jpg	center	100px]]	Quebec	Yes	Yes	Yes
John Hamilton Gray	[[File:John Hamilton Gray (1811-1887).jpg	center	100px]]	Prince Edward Island	Yes	Yes	No
John Hamilton Gray	[[File:John Hamilton Gray.jpg	center	100px]]	New Brunswick	Yes	Yes	No
Thomas Heath Haviland	[[File:Thomas Heath Haviland 2.jpg	center	100px]]	Prince Edward Island	No	Yes	No
William Alexander Henry	[[File:William Alexander Henry.jpg	center	100px]]	Nova Scotia	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sir William Pearce Howland	[[File:WilliamPearceHowland23.jpg	center	100px]]	Ontario	No	No	Yes
John Mercer Johnson	[[File:John Mercer Johnson.jpeg	center	100px]]	New Brunswick	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sir Hector-Louis Langevin	[[File:HectorLangevin23.jpg	center	100px]]	Quebec	Yes	Yes	Yes
Andrew Archibald Macdonald	[[File:Andrew Archibald Macdonald.jpg	center	100px]]	Prince Edward Island	Yes	Yes	No
Sir John A. Macdonald	[[File:Macdonald-sm.jpg	center	100px]]	Ontario	Yes	Yes	Yes
Jonathan McCully	[[File:Jonathan McCully.jpg	center	100px]]	Nova Scotia	Yes	Yes	Yes
William McDougall	[[File:William McDougall.jpg	center	100px]]	Ontario	Yes	Yes	Yes
Thomas D'Arcy McGee	[[File:McGee-sm.jpg	center	100px]]	Quebec	Yes	Yes	No
Peter Mitchell	[[File:Peter Mitchell.jpg	center	100px]]	New Brunswick	No	Yes	Yes
Sir Oliver Mowat	[[File:Oliver Mowat.jpg	center	100px]]	Ontario	No	Yes	No
Edward Palmer	[[File:Edward Palmer.jpg	center	100px]]	Prince Edward Island	Yes	Yes	No
William Henry Pope	[[File:William Henry Pope.jpg	center	100px]]	Prince Edward Island	Yes	Yes	No
John William Ritchie	[[File:John William Ritchie.jpg	center	100px]]	Nova Scotia	No	No	Yes
Sir Ambrose Shea	[[File:Ambrose Shea.jpg	center	100px]]	Newfoundland and Labrador	No	Yes	No
William H. Steeves	[[File:William Henry Steeves.jpg	center	100px]]	New Brunswick	Yes	Yes	No
Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché	[[File:Étienne-Paschal Taché.jpg	center	100px]]	Quebec	No	Yes	No
Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley	[[File:Samuel Leonard Tilley.jpg	center	100px]]	New Brunswick	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sir Charles Tupper	[[File:CharlesTupper1870 (cropped).jpg	center	100px]]	Nova Scotia	Yes	Yes	Yes
Edward Whelan	[[File:Edward Whelan2.jpg	center	100px]]	Prince Edward Island	No	Yes	No
Robert Duncan Wilmot	[[File:Robert Duncan Wilmot.jpg	center	100px]]	New Brunswick	No	No	Yes

Group photographs and paintings

|File:Charlottetown Conference Delegates, September 1864.JPG|Delegates from the Legislatures of Canada, gathering on the steps of Prince Edward Island's Government House for the Charlottetown Conference – Photo by George P. Roberts on September 11, 1864. |File:QuebecConvention1864.jpg|Delegates of the Legislatures of Canada gathering at the Quebec Conference – Photo by Jules I. Livernois on October 27, 1864. |File:Fathers of Confederation LAC c001855.jpg|An 1885 photo of Robert Harris' painting, completed the previous year and titled, Conference at Quebec in 1864, to settle the basics of a union of the British North American Provinces, also known as The Fathers of Confederation. The original painting was destroyed in the 1916 Parliament buildings Centre Block fire. The scene is an amalgamation of the Charlottetown and Quebec City conference sites and attendees.

Other possible claimants to title

Four other individuals have been labelled as Fathers of Confederation. Hewitt Bernard, who was the recording secretary at the Charlottetown Conference, is considered by some to be a Father of Confederation. The leaders most responsible for bringing three specific provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as Fathers of Confederation.

The provisional government established by Louis Riel ultimately negotiated the terms under which Manitoba entered Confederation in 1870.
The leadership of Amor De Cosmos was instrumental both in bringing democracy to British Columbia and in bringing the province into Confederation in 1871.
The province of Newfoundland entered Confederation in 1949 under the leadership of Joey Smallwood, who was then referred to as the "only living Father of Confederation".

Notes

References

(2008). "Fathers of Confederation". CanadianHistory.
Bélanger, Claude. (2001). "Studies on the Canadian Constitution and Canadian Federalism". Department of History, Marianopolis College.
Harrison, Robert A. (2003). "The conventional man". Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press.
The Heritage Centre. "Louis Riel The Provisional Government".
Stanley, George F.G.. (January 12, 2024). "Louis Riel". [[Historica Canada]].
Frances, Stanford. (2002). "Canada's Confederation". S&S Learning Materials.
Argyle, Ray. (2012). "Joey Smallwood, Schemer and Dreamer". [[Dundurn Press]].

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

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