F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich

Early years: 1782–1804

Robinson was born at Newby Hall, Yorkshire, the second son of Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham, by his wife Lady Mary Jemima Yorke, a daughter of Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke. He was educated at a preparatory school at Sunbury-on-Thames, then attended Harrow School from 1796 to 1799, followed by St John's College, Cambridge, from 1799 to 1802. William Pitt the Younger was Member of Parliament for Cambridge University, to which, as The Times said, "accordingly most of the budding Tory statesmen of the day resorted". Robinson was an accomplished classicist, winning Sir William Browne's Medal for the best Latin ode in 1801.

Against the background of the Napoleonic Wars, Robinson did part-time military service at home as captain (1803), ultimately major (1814–1817) in the Northern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry.

Early political career: 1804–1807

Member of Parliament, 1804–1812

Robinson entered politics through a family connection. His mother's cousin, the third Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, appointed him as his private secretary in 1804. Two years later Hardwicke secured for him the parliamentary seat of Carlow, a pocket borough near Dublin. In 1807 Robinson gave up the seat and was elected as MP for Ripon, close to his family home in Yorkshire.

First political appointments: 1807–1812

In his first years in Parliament Robinson declined offers of junior ministerial posts, out of deference to his patron Hardwicke, who was an opponent of the Prime Minister, the Duke of Portland. The mission was unsuccessful, but Robinson's reputation was not damaged, and, as his biographer E Royston Pike puts it, "as a good Tory [he was] given several small appointments in successive ministries."

His political thinking was greatly influenced by Canning, but he became the protégé of Canning's rival Lord Castlereagh, who appointed him his under-secretary at the War Office in May 1809. When Castlereagh resigned from the government in October, unwilling to serve under the new Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, Robinson resigned with him. In June 1810 he accepted office as a member of the Board of Admiralty. At the time of Perceval's assassination early in 1812, he was absent from parliament ostensibly on militia duties in Yorkshire.

He was made a Privy Counsellor in August 1812,

Marriage

In 1814 Robinson married Lady Sarah Hobart (1793–1867), daughter of the 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire, and first cousin to Castlereagh's wife. There were three children of the marriage, only one of whom survived to adulthood:

• Eleanor Henrietta Robinson (22 May 1815 – 31 October 1826)
• Hobart Frederick Robinson (baptised 8 September 1816 – 14 September 1816)
• George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (24 October 1827 – 9 July 1909)

Senior Minister: 1812–1822

Robinson served under Lord Liverpool as Vice-President of the Board of Trade between 1812 and 1818, and as joint-Paymaster of the Forces between 1813 and 1817, from which position he sponsored the Corn Laws of 1815. The historian Gregor Dallas writes: The Corn Laws made the price of wheat artificially high, to the benefit of the landed classes and the detriment of the working classes. While the Bill was going through Parliament, Robinson's London house in Old Burlington Street was frequently attacked by angry citizens; in one such attack the railings outside the house were ripped out, the front door smashed open, paintings ripped, and furniture thrown out of the window. In another attack two people were shot, one of them fatally. While describing the incident to the House of Commons, Robinson was moved to tears, showing, as the biographer P. J. Jupp put it, "a propensity under stress which was to earn him the first of several nicknames, in this case the Blubberer".

In 1818 Robinson entered the cabinet as President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy, under the premiership of Lord Liverpool. In 1823 he succeeded Nicholas Vansittart as Chancellor of the Exchequer. The historian Richard Helmstadter writes:

Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1822–1827

Robinson served as Chancellor for four years, and was regarded as a success in the post. He cut taxes and made grants to house the King's Library in the British Museum and to buy the Angerstein Collection for the National Gallery. Jupp writes, "These achievements, together with his support for Catholic relief and the abolition of slavery, led to his being regarded as one of the most liberal members of the government and to two more nicknames – 'Prosperity Robinson' and 'Goody'." Robinson was not blamed for the collapse, but his measures to mitigate the crisis were widely seen as half-hearted.

Under strain from the financial crisis, Robinson asked Liverpool for a change of post. In January 1827 he was given a peerage as Viscount Goderich, but Liverpool had no time to reshuffle his cabinet, being taken ill in February 1827 and resigning the premiership. Liverpool was succeeded by Canning, whose appointment caused a major realignment in the political factions of the day. The Tories split into four groups, distinguished by their view of Catholic Emancipation. Canning and his followers were liberal on the matter; Robinson belonged to a moderate group that was willing to support Canning; the faction led by the Duke of Wellington and Robert Peel opposed emancipation; and an ultra-Tory group resisted any kind of liberalising measure.

To the anger of the King, George IV, who regarded it as a betrayal, Wellington and Peel refused to serve under Canning. With half the Tories ranged against him, Canning was obliged to seek support from the Whigs. Goderich, appointed by Canning as Leader of the House of Lords as well as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, found the upper house no less stressful than the Commons. He was the target for the anger of the anti-Canning Tories in the Lords, suffering many personal verbal assaults. When he attempted to get a new Corn Law enacted, the proposal was defeated by an alliance of peers led by Wellington.

Prime Minister: 1827–1828

Appointment

Canning's health had been declining since the beginning of 1827, and on 8 August he died. A prominent Whig commented, "God has declared against us. He is manifestly for the tories, and I fear the king also, which is much worse." The King, however, though he had long inclined to favour Tories over Whigs, was still angry at the refusal of Wellington and Peel to serve in Canning's cabinet. A widespread expectation (possibly shared by Wellington himself) that the King would send for Wellington was confounded.|group= n}}

Government crisis

Goderich immediately encountered difficulty in balancing the conflicting demands of the King and the Whigs about the composition of his cabinet. George considered that the three ministerial posts held by Whigs were quite enough; the Whigs pressed hard for the inclusion of a fourth, Lord Holland, as Foreign Secretary. Goderich satisfied nobody with his inability to resolve matters. A leading Whig, George Tierney, spoke of his party's dissatisfaction with Goderich: "[T]hey think Goderich has behaved so ill in this affair that they can have no confidence in him. They believe so much in the integrity of his character that they do not suspect him of any duplicity in what has passed, but his conduct has been marked by such deplorable weakness as shows how unfit he is for the situation he occupies."

There was further discontent in the coalition cabinet at Goderich's vacillation over the appointment of a Chancellor of the Exchequer, once again caught between the demands of the King and those of his Whig allies.

In addition to the conflicting pressures from the King and the Whigs, Goderich had to cope with the mental problems from which his wife was suffering. In December Huskisson wrote:

Resignation

Wellington was by now distancing himself from the Extreme-Tory wing of his party, and by January 1828 the King had concluded that the coalition could not continue and that a Tory ministry under Wellington would be preferable. Goderich had already written a letter of resignation to the King, but had not yet sent it, when he was summoned to Windsor. He described the disintegrating state of his administration; the King asked him to send for the Lord Chancellor, who was in turn bidden to summon Wellington to receive the King's commission to form a government.

A Dutch art student has suggested that the painting "The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter" by the Dutch painter Pieter Christoffel Wonder is an allegory of Goderich's resignation. Goderich, the figure in the foreground, is offering his resignation to the king, depicted as a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.

Later years: 1828–1859

Later cabinet posts, 1830–1846

In 1830 Goderich moved over to the Whigs and joined Lord Grey's cabinet, as Colonial Secretary. Both on moral and on economic grounds he was strongly opposed to slavery throughout his career, and he worked hard in the 1830s for the emancipation of slaves throughout the British Empire. His work was continued by his successor as Colonial Secretary, Lord Stanley, whose abolitionist legislation Goderich piloted through the House of Lords.

In 1833 Goderich was created Earl of Ripon. He had not sought the advancement in the peerage, but wished to accept the King's offer of the Garter, for which, at that time, a viscountcy was considered an insufficient rank. However, the next year Goderich and Stanley broke with the Whigs over what they saw as a threat to the established status of the Church of Ireland.

From 1841 to 1843 Ripon served in Peel's second administration as President of the Board of Trade, with the young W. E. Gladstone as his deputy. His final ministerial post was President of the Board of Control from 1843 to 1846. During his career, as Helmstadter observes, he had been, in succession, "a Pittite, a Tory, a Canningite, a Whig, a Stanleyite, a Conservative, and a Peelite. Between 1818 and 1846 he was a member of every government except Wellington's and Melbourne's."

Apart from his political career Goderich served as the first president of the Royal Geographical Society from 1830 to 1833, and of the Royal Society of Literature from 1834 to 1845. He died in January 1859, aged 76. He outlived five of his successors in the prime ministry.

Death

Ripon died at Putney Heath, London, in January 1859, aged 76.

Arms

Goderich's government, September 1827 – January 1828

• Lord Goderich – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords
• Lord Lyndhurst – Lord Chancellor
• The Duke of Portland – Lord President of the Council
• The Earl of Carlisle – Lord Privy Seal
• The Marquess of Lansdowne – Secretary of State for the Home Department
• The Earl of Dudley – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
• William Huskisson – Secretary of State for War and the Colonies and Leader of the House of Commons
• J. C. Herries – Chancellor of the Exchequer
• The Marquess of Anglesey – Master-General of the Ordnance
• Charles Grant – President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy
• Charles Williams-Wynn – President of the Board of Control
• William Sturges Bourne – First Commissioner of Woods and Forests
• Lord Bexley – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
• Viscount Palmerston – Secretary at War

Sources

References

1. Jones, D., p. 207
2. Jones, W.D., p. 4
3. Jones, W.D., p. 8
4. Jupp, P. J.. "Robinson, Frederick John, first Viscount Goderich and first earl of Ripon (1782–1859)".
5. "The Late Earl of Ripon", ''The Times'', 29 January 1859, p. 5
6. After graduating in 1802 he was admitted to [[Lincoln's Inn]]. He remained a member there until 1809, but did not pursue a legal career and was not [[Call to the bar. called to the bar]].Jones, W.D., p. 9
7. [https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/robinson-hon-frederick-john-1782-1859 History of Parliament article by Winifred Stokes and R. G. Thorne.]{{dead link. (December 2017)
8. Jones, W.D., p. 11
9. Jones, W.D., p. 14
10. Jones, W.D., p. 17
11. However, the [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. Foreign Secretary]], [[George Canning]], chose him as the secretary of [[George Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke. Lord Pembroke]]'s mission to [[Vienna]], aimed at securing a new treaty of alliance between Britain and the [[Austrian Empire]].Jones, W.D., p. 18
12. Pike, p. 176
13. {{London Gazette. (11 August 1812)
14. Jones, W.D., pp. 34 and 65
15. (1891). "London past and present: Its history, associations, and traditions". Vol. I. London: John Murray. [[Cambridge University Press]] reprint, 2011..
16. Dallas, p. 306
17. Dallas, p. 307
18. Jones, W.D., pp. 63–64
19. Helmstadter, Richard, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1899398 "Review: Prosperity Robinson: The Life of Viscount Goderich 1782–1859 by Wilbur Devereux Jones"], ''The Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 41, No. 3 (September 1969), pp. 384–385 {{subscription required
20. The public finances were in good order, with a revenue surplus for the first three years of his chancellorship.Jones, W.D., pp. 101 and 103; and ODNB
21. {{London Gazette. (27 April 1827)
22. ''Peerage & Baronetage of Great Britain & Ireland'' (Henry Colburn, 1839), p. 878.
23. Gash, Norman. "Jenkinson, Robert Banks, second earl of Liverpool (1770–1828)".
24. Beales, Derek. "Canning, George (1770–1827)".
25. Aspinall, A. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/552413 "The Coalition Ministries of 1827 (Continued)"], ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 42, No. 168 (October 1927), pp. 533–559
26. On the day of Canning's death Goderich and the [[Home Secretary]], [[William Sturges Bourne]], were summoned to [[Windsor Castle]], where the King announced his intention of appointing Goderich to the premiership.{{refn. The official title of the post was [[First Lord of the Treasury]].[http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/the-institution-of-prime-minister/2/ "The Institution of Prime Minister"], British Prime Minister's Office, Retrieved 13 March 2012
27. Ziegler, p. 97
28. Oderwald, M. (January 2014). "Het trappenhuis van de Londense woning van de schilder". The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter (1828).
29. Jones, W.D., p. 222
30. {{London Gazette. (12 April 1833)
31. He left the Colonial Office in the same year, and did not wish to hold any further office, but Grey insisted on his taking the senior non-departmental post of Lord Privy Seal.Pike, p. 177
32. Markham, Sir Clements Robert. (1881). "The Fifty Years' Work of the Royal Geographical Society". J. Murray.
33. Wright, p. 271
34. (1878). "Burke's Peerage and Baronetage".