European Broadcasting Union

General description

EBU members are public service media (PSM) broadcasters established by law but are non-partisan, independent, and run for the benefit of society as a whole.

EBU members come from as far north as Iceland and as far south as Algeria, from Portugal in the west to Azerbaijan in the east, and almost every nation from geographical Europe in between. Associate members from the United States include ABC, CBS, NBC, CPB, NPR, APM, and the only individual station, Chicago-based classical music radio WFMT.

Membership is for media organisations in countries within the European Broadcasting Area (EBA), as defined by the International Telecommunication Union, or who are members of the Council of Europe.

Members benefit from:

• Access to content ranging from exclusive sports rights to exchanges for news, music, and children's programmes.
• Representatives in Brussels, and in other international arenas, lobbying for PSM and ensuring the optimal legal and technical framework for broadcasters.
• Opportunities for sharing, learning and collaborating through conferences, working groups, training, and dedicated advice and guidance.
• A centre for learning and sharing new technology and innovation with a team of experts providing strategic advice and guidance.

The EBU's highest-profile production is the Eurovision Song Contest. The EBU also organises the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, the Eurovision Young Musicians competition, and other competitions which are modeled along similar lines.

Radio collaborations include Euroclassic Notturno—an overnight classical music stream, produced by BBC Radio 3 and broadcast in the United Kingdom as Through the Night—and special theme days, such as the annual Christmas music relays from around Europe. The EBU is a member of the International Music Council.

Most EBU broadcasters have group deals to carry major sporting events including the FIFA World Cup and the inaugural European Championships. Another annually recurring event which is broadcast across Europe through the EBU is the Vienna New Year's Concert.

Eurovision Media Services is the business arm of the EBU and provides media services for many media organisations and sports federations around the world.

Ident

Marc-Antoine Charpentier's Prelude to Te Deum is the hymn played before and after broadcasts organised under the Eurovision network, including the Eurovision Song Contest.

History

The EBU was a successor to the International Broadcasting Union (IBU) that was founded in 1925 and had its administrative headquarters in Geneva and technical office in Brussels. It fostered programming exchanges between members and mediated technical disputes between members that were mostly concerned with frequency and interference issues. It was in effect taken over by Nazi Germany during the Second World War, and thereafter the Allies viewed it as a compromised organisation that they could not trust.

In the spring of 1946, representatives of the Soviet radio committee proposed forming a new organisation; however, at the same time preparations were being made for an inter-governmental "European Broadcasting Conference" in Copenhagen in 1948 to draw up a new plan for frequency use in the European Broadcasting Area. It was considered necessary to have an organisation that could implement the "Copenhagen Wavelength Plan" but there was disagreement among broadcasters and particularly a fear expressed by the BBC that a new association might be dominated by the USSR and its proposal to give each of its constituent states one vote. France proposed that it would have four votes with the inclusion of its North African colonies. The United Kingdom felt it would have little influence with just one vote.

On 27 June 1946, the alternative International Broadcasting Organisation (IBO) was founded with 26 members and without British participation. The following day the IBU met in General Assembly and an attempt was made to dissolve it but failed; though 18 of its 28 members left to join the IBO. For a period of time in the late 1940s both the IBU and IBO vied for the role of organising frequencies but Britain decided not to be involved in either. The BBC attempted but failed to find suitable working arrangements with them. However, for practical purposes, the IBO rented the IBU technical centre in Brussels and employed its staff. The BBC then proposed a new solution based on the IBO changing its constitution so there will be only one member per International Telecommunication Union (ITU) country, thus ensuring a Western majority over the USSR and its satellite states. In August 1949 a meeting took place in Stresa, Italy, but it resulted in disagreement between delegates on how to resolve the problems. One proposal was for the European Broadcasting Area to be replaced by one that would exclude Eastern Europe, the Levant, and North Africa.

After Stresa, a consensus emerged among the Western Europeans to form a new organisation and the BBC proposed it be based in London. Meetings in Paris on 31 October and 1 November 1949 sealed the fate of the IBU and IBO, but it was decided not to allow any broadcaster from West Germany to be a founder of the new organisation. On 13 February 1950 the European Broadcasting Union had its first meeting with 23 members from the ITU defined European Broadcasting Area at the Imperial Hotel in Torquay, United Kingdom. The first president was Ian Jacob of the BBC who remained at the helm for ten years while its operation was largely dominated by the BBC due to its financial, technical, and staff input. The most important difference between the EBU and its predecessors was that EBU membership was for broadcasters and not governments. Early delegates said EBU meetings were cordial and professional and very different from the abrupt tone of its predecessors. Broadcasters from West Germany were admitted since 1951 and a working relationship forged with its Eastern counterpart, the International Radio and Television Organisation (OIRT), which existed in parallel with the EBU until its merger on 1 January 1993.

In 1967, the first concert in the International Concert Season of the European Broadcasting Union was broadcast from the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London.

Technical activities

The objective of the EBU's technical activities is simply to assist EBU Members (see below) in this period of unprecedented technological changes. This includes the provision of technical information to Members via conferences and workshops, as well as in written form (such as the EBU Technical Review, and the EBU tech-i magazine).

The EBU also encourages active collaboration between its Members on the basis that they can freely share their knowledge and experience, thus achieving considerably more than individual Members could achieve by themselves. Much of this collaboration is achieved through Project Groups which study specific technical issues of common interest: for example, EBU Members have long been preparing for the revision of the 1961 Stockholm Plan.

The EBU places great emphasis on the use of open standards. Widespread use of open standards (such as MPEG-2, DAB, DVB, etc.) ensures interoperability between products from different vendors, as well as facilitating the exchange of programme material between EBU Members and promoting "horizontal markets" for the benefit of all consumers.

EBU Members and the EBU Technical Department have long played an important role in the development of many systems used in radio and television broadcasting, such as:

• The AES/EBU digital audio interface, formally known as AES3;
• Serial and parallel interfaces for digital video (ITU-R Recommendations 601 and 656);
• RDS – the radio data system used on FM broadcasting.
• The EBU Loudness Recommendation R 128 and 'EBU Mode' meters (EBU Tech 3341)

The EBU has also actively encouraged the development and implementation of:

• Digital radio (DAB) through Eureka Project 147 and the WorldDAB Forum.
• DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) through the DVB Project and DigiTAG.
• Digital radio in the bands currently used for AM broadcasting through Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM).
• Standardisation of PVR systems through the TV-Anytime Forum.
• Development of other content distribution networks on the internet through P2PTV; EBU Project Group D/P2P, from November 2007 to April 2008, with a trial of selected member channels, thanks to Octoshape's distribution platform. The EBU is also part of the European P2P-Next project.

Controversies

Greek state broadcaster (2013)

On 11 June 2013, the Greek government shut down the state broadcaster Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) on short notice, citing government spending concerns related to the Euro area crisis. In response, the EBU set up a makeshift studio the same day near the former ERT offices in Athens in order to continue providing EBU members with the news-gathering and broadcast relay services which had formerly been provided by ERT. The EBU put out a statement expressing its "profound dismay" at the shutdown, urging the Greek Prime Minister "to use all his powers to immediately reverse this decision" and offered the "advice, assistance and expertise necessary for ERT to be preserved". Starting on 4 May 2014, the new state broadcaster New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television (NERIT) began nationwide transmissions, taking over ERT's vacant active membership slot in the EBU. On 11 June 2015, two years after ERT's closure, NERIT was renamed as Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT), which reopened with a comprehensive program in all radio stations (with nineteen regional, two world-range and five pan-Hellenic range radio stations) and three TV channels ERT1, ERT2 and ERT3.

Belarusian and Russian state broadcasters (2021–22)

The Belarusian Television and Radio Company (BTRC) has been accused of repressing its own employees, having fired more than 100 people since a wave of anti-Lukashenko protests in 2020 following alleged election fraud. Many of them have also been jailed. Many voices have been raised against the participation of BTRC in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 representing Belarus, the argument being that the EBU would make a political statement if it did endorse BTRC by essentially and silently saying that democracy is unimportant and so are basic human rights such as freedom of speech.

On 28 May 2021, the EBU suspended the BTRC's membership as they had been "particularly alarmed by the broadcast of interviews apparently obtained under duress". BTRC was given two weeks to respond before the suspension came into effect, but did not do so publicly. The suspension of the broadcaster was made effective on 1 July 2021. Although initial reports mentioned that it would expire after three years, in April 2024 the EBU confirmed that the suspension had been made indefinite.

The three Russian members of the EBU, Channel One Russia, VGTRK, and Radio Dom Ostankino are all controlled by the Russian government. On 21 February 2022, the Russian government recognized the independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, disputed territories that are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. Ukraine's public broadcaster Suspilne called on the EBU to terminate the membership of Channel One Russia and VGTRK, and to consider preventing them from participating in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 representing Russia, citing the Russian government's use of both outlets to spread disinformation surrounding the Russo-Ukrainian war. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, several other public broadcasters joined UA:PBC in calling for Russia's exclusion from the 2022 Contest; Finland's Yle and Estonia's ERR stated that they would not send a representative if Russia was allowed to participate. After initially stating that both Russia and Ukraine would be allowed to compete, the EBU announced on 25 February 2022 that it would ban Russia from participating in the Contest.

The three Russian broadcasters announced, via a statement released by Russian state media, that they would withdraw from the EBU on 26 February, citing increased politicization of the organization. The EBU released a statement saying that it was aware of the reports, but that it had not received any formal confirmation. On 1 March, a further statement from the EBU announced that it had suspended its Russian members from its governance structures. On 26 May, the EBU made effective the suspension of its Russian members indefinitely.

In 2023, an extensive investigation by the EBU Investigative Journalism Network uncovered evidence of a Kremlin-sponsored initiative to take Ukrainian children from the war-torn country to Russia, a war crime under international law.

Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest

The Gaza war has led to calls for the EBU to exclude Israel and its broadcaster Kan from the Eurovision Song Contest, and demonstrations against its participation took place in and .

Members

Current members

, the list of EBU members comprises the following 75 broadcasting companies from 56 countries.

Suspended members

Past members

Associate members

Any group or organisation from an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) member country, which provides a radio or television service outside of the European Broadcasting Area, is permitted to submit applications to the EBU for Associate Membership.

It is also noted by the EBU that any broadcaster that is granted Associate Member status does not gain access into Eurovision eventsnotable exceptions being those from Australia, who have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since and the Junior Eurovision Song Contest between and ; Canada, who participated in the Eurovision Young Dancers between 1987 and 1989; and Kazakhstan, who participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest between and all of which were individually invited.

The list of Associate Members of EBU comprised the following 30 broadcasting companies from 20 countries .

Past associate members

The list of past associate members of EBU comprises the following 95 broadcasting companies from 55 countries and 1 autonomous territory.

Approved participant members

Any groups or organisations from a country with International Telecommunication Union (ITU) membership, which does not qualify for either the EBU's Active or Associate memberships, but still provide a broadcasting activity for the EBU, are granted a unique Approved Participants membership, which lasts approximately five years. An application for this status may be submitted to the EBU at any given time, providing an annual fee is paid.

The following eight EBU broadcast members had status as Approved Participants in November 2024.

The following members previously had status as Approved Participants.

Organised events

The EBU in co-operation with the respective host broadcaster organises competitions and events in which its members can participate if they wish to do so. These include:

Eurovision Song Contest

Main article: Eurovision Song Contest

The Eurovision Song Contest () is an annual international song competition between EBU members, that was first held in Lugano, Switzerland, on 24 May 1956. Seven countries participatedeach submitting two songs, for a total of 14. This was the only contest in which more than one song per country was performed: since 1957, all contests have allowed one entry per country. The was won by the host nation, Switzerland. The winner of the , which took place in Basel, Switzerland, is Austria.

Let the Peoples Sing

Main article: Let the Peoples Sing

Let the Peoples Sing is a biennial choir competition, the participants of which are chosen from radio recordings entered by EBU radio members. The final, encompassing three categories and around ten choirs, is offered as a live broadcast to all EBU members. The overall winner is awarded the Silver Rose Bowl. The first winner was Glasgow Phoenix Choir, conducted by their Chorus Master Peter Mooney, from Scotland in the 1961 competition that was held in London. The most recent winner is Copenhagen Girls Choir from Denmark, conducted by Anne-Terese Sales, in the 2024 competition that was held in London.

Jeux sans frontières

Main article: Jeux sans frontières

Jeux sans frontières () was a Europe-wide television game show. In its original conception, it was broadcast from 1965 to 1999 under the auspices of the EBU. The original series' run ended in 1982, but was revived in 1988 with a different composition of nations and was hosted by smaller broadcasters.

Eurovision Young Musicians

Main article: Eurovision Young Musicians

Eurovision Young Musicians is a competition for European musicians that are between the ages of 12 and 21 years old. It is organised by the EBU and is a member of EMCY. The first competition was held in Manchester, United Kingdom on 11 May 1982. The televised competition is held every other year, with some countries holding national finals. Since its inaugural edition in 1982, it has become one of the most important music competitions on an international level. The winner of the most recent contest, which took place in Bodø Municipality, Norway, is Austria.

Eurovision Young Dancers

Main article: Eurovision Young Dancers

Eurovision Young Dancers was a biennial dance showcase broadcast on television throughout Europe. The inaugural competition was held in Reggio Emilia, Italy on 16 June 1985. It uses a format similar to the Eurovision Song Contest. Every participating country has the opportunity to send a dance act to compete for the title of Eurovision Young Dancer. The competition is for solo dancers, and all contestants must be between the ages of 16 and 21, and not professionally engaged. The winner of the most recent contest, which took place in Prague, Czech Republic, is Poland.

Euroclassic Notturno

Main article: Euroclassic Notturno

Euroclassic Notturno is a six-hour sequence of classical music recordings, assembled by BBC Radio from material supplied by EBU members and streamed back to those broadcasters by satellite for use in their overnight classical-music schedules. The recordings used are taken not from commercial CDs, but from earlier (usually live) radio broadcasts.

Junior Eurovision Song Contest

Main article: Junior Eurovision Song Contest

The Junior Eurovision Song Contest () is an annual international song competition that was first held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 15 November 2003. Sixteen countries participated in the , with each submitting one song. The inaugural contest was won by Croatia. The winner of the most recent contest, which took place in Madrid, Spain, is Georgia.

Eurovision Dance Contest

Main article: Eurovision Dance Contest

The Eurovision Dance Contest (not to be confused with Eurovision Young Dancers) was an international dancing competition that was held for the first time in London, United Kingdom, on 1 September 2007. The inaugural contest was won by Finland. The competition was repeated in 2008 when it was held in Glasgow, United Kingdom, but has not been held since. The winner of the most recent contest is Poland.

Magic Circus Show

Main article: Magic Circus Show

The Magic Circus Show was an entertainment show organised by the EBU, which took place in 2010, 2011 and 2012 in Geneva, Switzerland. Children aged between 7–14 representing eight countries within the EBU membership area performed a variety of circus acts at the Geneva Christmas Circus (). The main show was also accompanied by the Magic Circus Show Orchestra.

Eurovision Choir

Main article: Eurovision Choir

The inaugural Eurovision Choir, featuring non-professional choirs selected by EBU members, took place on 22 July 2017 in Riga, Latvia, hosted by the Latvian broadcaster Latvijas Televīzija (LTV). Nine countries took part in the first edition. Carmen Manet from Slovenia was the first winner and the winner of the most recent contest, which took place in Gothenburg, Sweden, was Vocal Line from Denmark.

European Sports Championships

Main article: European Championships (multi-sport event)

The European Sports Championships is a multi-sport event involving some of the leading sports in Europe. The European Governing Bodies for athletics, aquatics, cycling, rowing, golf, gymnastics and triathlon, coordinated their individual championships as part of the first edition in the summer of 2018, hosted by the cities of Berlin, Germany (already chosen as the host for the 2018 European Athletics Championships) and Glasgow, United Kingdom (already chosen as the host for the 2018 European Aquatics Championships, and which concurrently also hosted the events of the other sports).

Olympic Games

The EBU first covered the Olympic Games in 1956, and has historically acquired broadcasting rights on behalf of its members. The amount paid by the EBU steadily increased over time, paying US$22 million for broadcasting rights for Los Angeles 1984, US$240 million for Atlanta 1996, US$394 million for Athens 2004 and US$746million for Vancouver 2010 and London 2012.

In 2008, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to negotiate individually with broadcasters for rights to the 2014-2016 Olympic Games – as the EBU had not "offered enough money". The IOC subsequently signed individual deals with broadcasters in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Turkey and the UK, selling the remainder of the broadcasting rights to Sportfive for US$315 million. Despite an attempt by the EBU to purchase broadcasting rights for the 2018-2024 Olympic Games, the IOC awarded a contract to Discovery Communications in June 2015. The EBU criticised the decision, stating that it shows a "shift in the IOC’s positioning of the Olympic Games as a free-to-air event that reached all of the European television audience – to a pay event with minimum free-to-air obligations".

In January 2023, the IOC announced that a joint bid from the EBU and Warner Bros. Discovery had been awarded rights for all Olympic Games from the 2026 Winter Olympics to the 2032 Summer Olympics. The joint bid follows criticism of the 2015 deal to award European television rights to Discovery. Each EBU member will broadcast at least 200 hours of coverage of the Summer Olympics and at least 100 hours of the Winter Olympics, whereas Warner Bros. Discovery will have unlimited rights.

Notes

References

References

1. (4 December 2020). "EBU elects new Executive Board".
2. "EBU Active Members". EBU.
3. "EBU Associate Members". EBU.
4. (27 November 2019). "The Eurovision News Exchange Social Newswire: the EBU'S First Line of Defence in Breaking News". EBU.
5. (April 11, 2025). "EBU launches Spotlight fact-checking network to combat misinformation and support trusted news". European Broadcasting Union.
6. (23 May 2024). "Eurovision Debate". EBU.
7. "42 countries to take part in the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest". EBU.
8. "Joy to the World: a guide to the European Broadcasting Union's Christmas broadcast". CBC Music.
9. (1 January 2015). "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra New Year's Concert". EBU.
10. (2014-06-05). "60 Jahre Hymne der Eurovision".
11. "Eurovision 2014: how much do you know about the Eurovision Song Contest?". The Telegraph.
12. (2021-08-24). "History".
13. "50 years of Eurovision (1954–2004)". EBU.
14. "Euroradio: 50 years". EBU.
15. (10 July 2008). "P2P Media Portal Trial". EBU.
16. (11 June 2013). "Greek public broadcaster ERT to be shut down, reopened with fewer employees". [[Kathimerini]].
17. O'Carroll, Lisa. (12 June 2013). "ERT shutdown: European Broadcasting Union sets up makeshift studio". The Guardian.
18. Roverelli, Michelle. (11 June 2013). "EBU urges the Greek government to reverse decision on ERT". EBU.
19. (13 January 2014). "Greece media guide". BBC News.
20. (11 June 2015). "Greece's state broadcaster ERT back on air after two years". BBC News.
21. (28 April 2015). "In symbolic move, Greece to reopen shuttered state broadcaster".
22. (28 January 2021). "Belarus: Protestors Call for the EBU To Remove BTRC From Eurovision".
23. Rainford, Claire. (28 May 2021). "EBU Executive Board agrees to suspension of Belarus Member BTRC". EBU.
24. (30 June 2021). "Белтэлерадыёкампанію выключылі з Еўрапейскага вяшчальнага саюза".
25. Granger, Anthony. (27 August 2021). "Belarus: BTRC Reveals EBU Suspension Scheduled to Expire in 2024".
26. Farren, Neil. (23 April 2024). "Belarus: BTRC Indefinitely Suspended From EBU".
27. (8 June 2021). "Russia media guide". BBC News.
28. Chernotytsky, Mykola. "Суспільне вимагає припинити членство російських ЗМІ у ЄМС". Suspilne.
29. "Yle calls upon the European Broadcasting Union to exclude Russia from the Eurovision Song Contest". [[Yle]]isradio.
30. Kaldoja, Kerttu. (25 February 2022). "Eesti osalemine Eurovisioonil sõltub Venemaa osalusest". [[Eesti Rahvusringhääling.
31. Gonzalez, Sandra. (24 February 2022). "Russia will be allowed to compete in Eurovision despite invasion, organizer says". CNN.
32. (25 February 2022). "Russia banned from Eurovision song contest over invasion of Ukraine".
33. (26 February 2022). "Rusijos televizijos traukiasi iš EBU".
34. Rainford, Claire. (26 February 2022). "EBU Statement on RTR, Channel One and Radio House Ostankino membership". EBU.
35. Rainford, Claire. (1 March 2022). "EBU Statement on Russian Members". EBU.
36. Vidal, Fernando Nicolás. (26 May 2022). "La UER hace efectiva la suspensión indefinida a sus miembros rusos".
37. "Європейська мовна спілка призупинила членство російських ЗМІ". [[Suspilne]].
38. Waters, Jo. (14 February 2023). "Where are the missing children of Ukraine?". EBU.
39. (11 May 2024). "Chaotic build-up to Eurovision as thousands protest". BBC News.
40. Armstrong, Kathryn. (2024-05-09). "Thousands protest against Israel's entry for Eurovision in Malmo". BBC News.
41. Loser, Philipp. (2025-05-29). "über den Krieg in Gaza: War es richtig, dass Israel am Eurovision Song Contest mitgemacht hat?".
42. Mouriquand, David. (6 May 2025). "Former Eurovision contestants call for Israel and broadcaster KAN to be banned". [[Euronews]].
43. Granger, Anthony. (29 May 2022). "European Broadcasting Union Formally Suspends Russian Broadcasters".
44. (26 February 2022). "ВГТРК, Первый канал и Радиодом "Останкино" выходят из ЕВС".
45. Potter, W.. (24 October 1994). "The implementation of satellite technology in the Eurovision network".
46. Granger, Anthony. (13 November 2019). "Finland: MTV3 Leaves European Broadcasting Union".
47. (15 August 2019). "Radio Cadena COPE abandona la UER".
48. Granger, Anthony. (13 November 2019). "Sweden: TV4 Ends Membership of the European Broadcasting Union".
49. (31 May 2015). "Facts – History". RadioCentre.
50. "Admission". EBU.
51. "Associate Members".
52. "EBU.CH: Associate Members and Approved Participants".
53. "EBU – Members".
54. (1968). "The Europa Year Book 1968 A World Survey".
55. (1970). "The Europa Year Book 1970 A World Survey".
56. (1971). "The Europa Year Book 1971 A World Survey".
57. (1972). "The Europa Year Book 1972 A World Survey".
58. (1974). "The Europa Year Book 1974 A World Survey".
59. (1978). "The Europa Year Book 1978 A World Survey".
60. (1976). "EBU Review". Administrative Office of the European Broadcasting Union.
61. (1984). "EBU Review". European Broadcasting Union.
62. (1989). "EBU Review". European Broadcasting Union.
63. (1977). "EBU Review". Administrative Office of the European Broadcasting Union.
64. (1975). "EBU Review". Administrative Office of the European Broadcasting Union.
65. "Approved Participants". European Broadcasting Union.
66. (2016). "EBU Directory". European Broadcasting Union.
67. (2003). "Winners of the Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union.
68. (2005). "Historical Milestones". European Broadcasting Union.
69. "Euroradio Notturno". EBU.
70. "Through the Night". BBC.
71. (10 December 2007). "Official information page". European Broadcasting Union.
72. (17 November 2024). "Andria Putkaradze has won Junior Eurovision 2024 for Georgia". European Broadcasting Union.
73. (16 November 2012). "Eurovision Magic Circus Show". European Broadcasting Union.
74. [https://www.europeanchampionships.com/ europeansportschampionships.com] {{Webarchive. link. (5 April 2019 ESC Press Release)
75. "European Athletics – Leading sports bring together their European championships in 2018".
76. "Rowing joins the innovative European Sports Championships – worldrowing.com".
77. (2008-08-11). "EBU delivers Olympics Games to Europe".
78. "Case Study: The European Broadcasting Union".
79. (24 June 2000). "COMMISSION DECISION of 10 May 2000 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 of the EC Treaty (Case IV/32.150 — Eurovision) (notified under document number C(2000) 1171)".
80. (21 August 2004). "EBU and IOC sign contract for TV rights for 2010/ 2012".
81. (2008-12-04). "EBU says IOC rejects its 2014-16 TV rights bid".
82. Holmwood, Leigh. (2008-12-02). "BBC facing battle to keep rights to Olympic Games after IOC snub". The Guardian.
83. (7 June 2012). "IOC looks to UK to drive European broadcast income beyond $1 billion".
84. (29 June 2015). "IOC awards all TV and multiplatform broadcast rights in Europe to Discovery and Eurosport for 2018-2024 Olympic Games".
85. Gibson, Owen. (2015-06-29). "BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics". The Guardian.
86. Avison, Ben. (30 June 2015). "Free-to-air Olympic broadcasting being minimised, says EBU - Host City News".
87. Ziegler, Martyn. (30 July 2021). "BBC traded full Tokyo Olympics rights for future Games guarantee". [[The Times]].
88. (16 January 2023). "IOC awards exclusive 2026-2032 Olympic Games media rights in Europe to European Broadcasting Union and Warner Bros. Discovery".
89. Yossman, K. J.. (2023-01-16). "Olympic Games European Broadcasting Rights to Be Shared by EBU, Warner Bros. Discovery".