Et tu, Brute?

Etymology

The name Brutus, a second declension masculine noun, appears in the phrase in the vocative case, and so the -us ending of the nominative case is replaced by -e.

Context

On March 15 (the Ides of March), 44 BC, the historic Caesar was attacked by a group of senators, including Brutus, who was Caesar's friend and protégé. Caesar initially resisted his attackers, but when he saw Brutus, he reportedly responded as he died. Suetonius mentions the quote merely as a rumor, as does Plutarch who also reports that Caesar said nothing, but merely pulled his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators.

Caesar saying Et tu, Brute? in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar (1599) was not the first time the phrase was used in a dramatic play. Edmond Malone claimed that it appeared in a work that has since been lost—Richard Edes's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582. The phrase had also occurred in another play by Shakespeare, The True Tragedie of Richard Duke of Yorke, and the death of good King Henrie the Sixth, with the Whole Contention betweene the two Houses Lancaster and Yorke of 1595, which is the earliest printed version of Henry VI, Part 3.

Interpretation

It has been argued that the phrase can be interpreted as a curse or warning. One theory states that the historic Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial: the complete phrase is said to have been "You too, my son, will have a taste of power", of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus's own violent death, in response to his assassination. The poem Satires; Book I, Satire 7 by Horace, written approximately 30 BC, mentions Brutus and his tyrannicide; in discussing that poem, author John Henderson considers that the expression E-t t-u Br-u-t-e, as he hyphenates it, can be interpreted as a complaint containing a "suggestion of mimetic compulsion".

Legacy

James Joyce wrote the poem titled "Et Tu, Healey" about Charles Stewart Parnell when he was nine. The poem was a reaction against Parnell's apparent betrayal by the Irish Catholic Church, the Irish Parliamentary Party, and the British Liberal Party that resulted in a collaborative failure to secure Irish Home Rule in the British Parliament. Joyce's brother, Stanislaus, describes the poem as “a diatribe against the supposed traitor, Tim Healy, who had ratted at the bidding of the Catholic bishops and become a virulent enemy of Parnell, and so the piece was an echo of those political rancours that formed the theme of my father’s nightly half-drunken rantings to the accompaniment of vigorous table-thumping.”

References

References

1. "No Fear Shakespeare: Julius Caesar: Act 3 Scene 1 Page 5 {{!}} SparkNotes".
2. "Et tu, Brute?". [[Guardian News and Media Limited]].
3. Henderson, John. (1998). "Fighting for Rome: Poets and Caesars, History, and Civil War". [[Cambridge University Press]].
4. Henle, Robert J., S.J. ''Henle Latin Year 1'' Chicago: Loyola Press 1945
5. Shakespeare, William. (1960). "''Julius Caesar''". Penguin Books.
6. ''...uno modo ad primum ictum gemitu sine voce edito; etsi tradiderunt quidam Marco Bruto irruenti dixisse "καὶ σύ, τέκνον"''. [[De Vita Caesarum]], Liber I, Divus Iulius, LXXXII.
7. Suetonius, ''The Lives of Twelve Caesars'', Life of Julius Caesar [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#82.2 82.2]
8. Billows, Richard A.. (2009). "Julius Caesar: The Colossus of Rome". Routledge.
9. Gill, N. S.. "Latin – Vocative Endings". About.com.
10. Plutarch, ''The Parallel Lives'', Life of Caesar [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html#66.9 66.9]
11. "''Julius Caesar'', Act 3, Scene 1, Line 77".
12. Dyce, Alexander. (1866). "The Works of William Shakespeare". Chapman and Hall.
13. Garber, Marjorie. (2010). "Shakespeare's Ghost Writers: Literature as Uncanny Causality". Routledge.
14. Woodman, A.J.. (2006). "Tiberius and the Taste of Power: The Year 33 in Tacitus". Classical Quarterly.
15. Woodman, A. J. The Annals of Tacitus: Books 5–6; Volume 55 of Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries. Cambridge University Press, 2016. {{ISBN. 9781316757314.
16. "A ghost story: James Joyce’s lost poem".
17. McCaffrey, Carmel. (2006). "In search of Ireland's heroes : the story of the Irish from the English invasion to the present day". Chicago : Ivan R. Dee.
18. (2022-01-13). "James Joyce was only 9 years old when he published his first poem.".