Esocoidei

Taxonomy

In the past, they were often placed in the order Salmoniformes as the suborder Esocoidei. During the early 21st century, due to their morphological divergence from Salmoniformes, they were instead treated as their own order, Esociformes. However, as phylogenetic studies have increasingly affirmed the relationship of Salmoniformes and Esociformes, more recent taxonomic authorities have revived the old classification of placing esocoids as a suborder of the Salmoniformes.

The following families are placed in this group:

• Suborder Esocoidei
  • Family Esocidae Rafinesque, 1815 - pikes
    • Subfamily Dalliinae Jordan, 1885 - blackfishes
    • Subfamily Esocinae Rafinesque, 1815 - pikes
  • Family Umbridae Bonaparte, 1845 - mudminnows

Several esocid genera are known from the Late Cretaceous of North America, including †Estesesox Wilson, Brinkman & Neuman, 1992, †Oldmanesox Wilson, Brinkman & Neuman, 1992, †Archaeosiilik Brinkman et al., 2025 & †Nunikuluk Brinkman et al., 2025. Their presence makes esocids one of the few North American freshwater teleost groups to have diversified prior to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.

The three extant esocid genera (Esox, Novumbra, and Dallia) together comprise a holarctic distribution. Two additional genera have been described from fossils dating to the Cretaceous of North America. Umbra remains the only extant genus in the family Umbridae, and can be found in eastern North America and Europe. Three additional genera have been described from fossils dating from the Paleocene of Europe; however, genetic studies on the extant species of Umbra have recovered a split between the North American and European species dating to the Late Cretaceous and earliest half of the Paleogene.

Relationships

While the family Esocidae traditionally only contained the genus Esox, recent genetic and paleontological research have recovered Novumbra and Dallia as members of the family Esocidae, being closer related to Esox than Umbra. Umbra is the only remaining extant species in Umbridae. Various fossils have been described as members of Esociformes and are placed on the following tree accordingly.{{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%;

References

References

1. Fricke, R.. (2025). "ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION".
2. (11 March 2020). "Fishes of Arkansas". University of Arkansas Press.
3. Near, Thomas J.. (2024-04-18). "Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History.
4. Wilson, Mark V. H.. (1992). "Cretaceous Esocoidei (Teleostei): early radiation of the pikes in North American fresh waters". Journal of Paleontology.
5. (2021). "The rise and fall of the ancient northern pike master sex-determining gene". eLife.
6. (2016). "Fishes of the World". Wiley.
7. (1992). "Cretaceous Esocoidei (Teleostei): early radiation of the pikes in North American fresh waters". Journal of Paleontology.
8. (May 2017). "Phylogeography and population genetics of the European mudminnow (Umbra krameri) with a time-calibrated phylogeny for the family Umbridae". Hydrobiologia.
9. Near, Thomas J.. (2024-04-18). "Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History.