Eris (mythology)

Etymology

The name derives from the noun eris, with stem erid-, which means "strife, discord" and is of uncertain etymology; connections with the verb ὀρίνειν orínein "to raise, stir, excite" and the proper name Ἐρινύες Erinyes have been suggested. R. S. P. Beekes sees no strong evidence for this relation and excludes the derivation from ἐρείδω ereídō "to prop, to support" due to the name's original ι- stem. Watkins suggested origin from a Proto-Indo-European root ere- meaning "to separate, to adjoin". The name gave several derivatives in Ancient Greek, including ἐρίζω erízō "to fight" and ἔρισμα érisma "object of a quarrel".

Family

In Homer's Iliad, Eris is described as the "sister and comrade" of Ares, though according to Geoffrey Kirk she is "not fully personified" here, and this genealogy is a "purely ad hoc description". Some scholars interpret this passage as indicating she is the daughter of Zeus and Hera, Ares' parents. However, according to Hesiod's Theogony, Eris is the daughter of Nyx (Night), being among the many children Nyx produced without a partner. These siblings of Eris include personifications—like Eris—of several "loathsome" (στυγερός) things, such as Moros ("Doom"), Thanatos ("Death"), the Moirai ("Fates"), Nemesis ("Indignation"), Apate ("Deceit"), and Geras ("Old Age").

Like her mother Nyx, Hesiod has Eris as the mother—with no father mentioned—of many children (the only child of Nyx with offspring) who are also personifications representing various misfortunes and harmful things which, in Eris' case, might be thought to result from discord and strife. All of Eris' children are little more than allegorizations of the meanings of their names, with virtually no other identity. The following table lists the children of Eris, as given by Hesiod:

Judgement of Paris

Main article: Judgement of Paris

Eris plays a crucial role in one important myth. She was the initiator of the quarrel between the three Greek goddesses, Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, resolved by the Judgement of Paris, which led to Paris' abduction of Helen of Troy and the outbreak of the Trojan War. As the story came to be told, all the gods were invited to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis except Eris. She came anyway but was refused admission. In anger, she threw a golden apple among the wedding guests inscribed with "For the fairest", which the three goddesses each claimed.

Homer alludes to the Judgement of Paris, but with no mention of Eris. An account of the story, was told in the Cypria, one of the poems in the Epic Cycle, which told the entire story of the Trojan War. The Cypria which is the first poem in the Cycle, describes events preceding those that occur in the Iliad, the second poem in the Cycle. According to a prose summary of the now lost Cypria, Eris, acting according to the plans of Zeus and Themis to bring about the Trojan War, instigates a nekios ('feud') between the three goddesses over "beauty" (presumably over who of the three was the most beautiful), while they were attending the wedding feast of Peleus and Thetis (who would become the parents of Achilles). To settle the dispute, Zeus orders the three goddesses to go to Mount Ida to be judged by Paris. Paris, having been offered Helen by Aphrodite in return for Paris choosing her, does so.

The fifth-century BC playwright Euripides, describes the Judgement of Paris several times with no mention of either Eris, or an apple. Later accounts include details, such as the golden Apple of Discord, which may or may not have come from the Cypria. According to the Fabulae of Hyginus, composed somewhere between the first century BC and the late second century AD, all the gods had been invited to the wedding except Eris. Nevertheless, she came to the wedding feast, and when refused entrance, she threw an apple through the doorway, saying that it was for the "fairest", which started the quarrel. The satirist Lucian (fl. 2nd century AD) tells us that Eris's apple was "solid gold" and that it was inscribed: "For the queen of Beauty" (ἡ καλὴ λαβέτω).

Strife in war

Eris personifies strife, particularly the strife associated with war. In Homer's Iliad, Eris is described as being depicted on both Athena's battle aegis, and Achilles' shield, where she appears alongside other war-related personifications: Phobos ("Rout"), Alke ("Valor"), and Ioke ("Assault"), on the aegis, and Kydoimos ("Tumult"), and Ker ("Fate"), on the shield. Similarly, the Hesiodic Shield of Heracles has Eris depicted on Heracles' shield, also with Phobos, Kydoimos and Ker, as well as other war-related personifications: Proioxis ("Pursuit"), Palioxis ("Rally"), Homados ("Tumult "), Phonos ("Murder"), and Androktasia ("Slaughter"). Here Eris is described as flying over the head of Phobos ("Fear"):

Eris also appears in several battle scenes in the Iliad. However, unlike Apollo, Athena and several other of the Olympians, Eris does not participate in active combat, nor take sides in the war. Her role in the Iliad is that of "the rouser of armies", urging both armies to fight each other. In Book 4, she is one of the divinities (along with Ares, Athena, Deimos ("Terror"), and Phobos ("Rout") urging the armies to battle, with head lowered at first, but soon raised up to the heavens:

She also appears in this "rouser of armies" role in Book 5, and again in Book 11, where Zeus sends Eris to rouse the Greek army by shouting:

Her lust for bloodshed is insatiable. Later in Book 11, she is the last of the gods to leave the battlefield, rejoicing as she watches the fighting she has roused. While in Book 5, she is described as raging unceasingly.

Hesiod also associates Eris with war. In his Works and Days, he says that she "fosters evil war and conflict". And in his Theogony, has the Hysminai (Battles) and the Machai (Wars) as her children.

Another Eris

In addition to the Eris who was the daughter of Nyx (Night), Hesiod, in his Works and Days, mentions another Eris. He contrasts the two: the former being "blameworthy" who "fosters evil war and conflict", the latter worthy of "praise", have been created by Zeus to foster beneficial competition:

Other mentions

Antoninus Liberalis, in his Metamorphoses, involves Eris in the story of Polytechnus and Aëdon, who claimed to love each other more than Hera and Zeus. This angered Hera, so she sent Eris to wreak discord upon them. Eris is mentioned many times in Quintus Smyrnaeus' Posthomerica, which covers the period between the end of the Iliad and the beginning of his Odyssey. Just as in the Iliad, the Posthomerica Eris is the instigator of conflict, does not take sides, shouts, and delights in the carnage of battle. Eris is also mentioned in the Dionysiaca of Nonnus. At the start of the epic confrontation between Zeus and Typhon, Nonnus has Nike (Victory) lead Zeus into battle, and Eris lead Typhon, and in another passage has Eris, with the war-goddess Enyo, bring "Tumult" to both sides of a battle.

Iconography

There are few certain representations of Eris in art. Her earliest appearances (mid-sixth-century BC) are found on the Chest of Cypselus and in the tondo of a black-figure cup (Berlin F1775). The geographer Pausanias describes seeing Eris depicted on the Chest, as a "most repulsive" [aischistê] woman standing between Ajax and Hector fighting. On the cup she is depicted as a normal woman in appearance apart from having wings and winged-sandals.

From the later part of fifth-century BC, the upper section of a red-figure calyx krater depicts Eris with Themis facing each other, apparently in animated discussion, while the lower section depicts the Judgement of Paris, confirming Eris' role in the events as told in the Cypria.

Gallery

File:Golden Apple of Discord by Jacob Jordaens.jpg|Golden apple of discord by Jakob Jordaens, 1633 File:The Wedding of Peleus and Thetis Miniature in Jean Miélot's adaptation of Christine de Pisan, L'Epître d'Othéa , ca. 1460.gif|Manuscript illustration of Eris at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis from Jean Miélot's L'Epître d'Othéa File:Mengs, Urteil des Paris.jpg|Das Urteil des Paris by Anton Raphael Mengs,

Cultural influences

The classic fairy tale "Sleeping Beauty" references what appears to be Eris's role in the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. Like Eris, a malevolent fairy curses a princess after not being invited to the princess's christening.

Eris is the principal figure of worship in the modern Discordian religion invented as an "absurdist joke" in 1957 by two school friends Gregory Hill and Kerry Wendell Thornley. As mythologized in the religion's satirical text Principia Discordia, written by Hill with Thornely and others, Eris (apparently) spoke to Hill and Thornley in an all-night bowling alley, in the form of a chimpanzee.

The dwarf planet Eris was named after this Greek goddess in 2006.{{cite web |access-date = January 3, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061018120634/http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?%2Farchives%2F211-2003-UB313-named-Eris.html |archive-date = October 18, 2006

In 2019, the New Zealand moth species Ichneutica eris was named in honour of Eris.

Notes

References

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References

1. Brown, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-2491 s.v. Eris]; Nünlist, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e401590.xml s.v. Eris]; Grimal, s.v. Eris; Tripp, s.v. Eris; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D6%3Aentry%3Deris-bio-1 s.v. Eris].
2. R. S. P. Beekes. (2009). "Etymological Dictionary of Greek". [[Brill Publishers.
3. {{OEtymD. Eris
4. [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.197.xml 4.440–441].
5. Kirk, pp. 380–381. On the use of {{gloss. sister ({{lang. grc. κασιγνήτη) and {{gloss. comrade ({{lang. grc. ἑτάρη) alongside one another in this passage, see Coray, Krieter-Spiro, and Visser, pp. 197–198, and on the textual difficulties with this and adjacent passages, see Kirk, pp. 381–382. Nünlist, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e401590.xml s.v. Eris], characterises this genealogy as "allegorical", and Gantz, p. 9 cites the passage as an example of Eris being "just a personification of her name".
6. Bell, [https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/page/188/mode/2up p. 188]; Parada, s.v. Eris.
7. Gantz, pp. 4–5; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 223–225].
8. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA30 pp. 30–31]; Gantz, p. 5; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 226–232].
9. Gantz, p. 10, which notes the possible exception of Ate.
10. [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 226–232].
11. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=po/nos s.v. πόνος].
12. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31]
13. Gantz, p. 10.
14. Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232. In ancient Greek the word ''ponos'' which meant 'hard work' could also mean 'hardship, 'suffering', 'distress' or 'trouble', see ''[[The Cambridge Greek Lexicon]]'', s.v. πόνος 1, 3; compare [[LSJ]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpo%2Fnos s.v. πόνος]. For the ancient Greeks' negative associations regarding ''ponos'', see Millett, [https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3547 s.v. labour]; Cartledge, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-3281 s.v. industry, Greek and Roman].
15. [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 226].
16. Thurmann, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e1004050.xml?rskey=lKIc2u&result=1 s.v. Ponos]; [[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft/page/328/mode/2up?view=theater 3.44].
17. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=lh/qh s.v. λήθη].
18. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Gantz, p. 10; Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232.
19. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].
20. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlimo%2Fs s.v. λιμός].
21. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31]; Gantz, p. 10.
22. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21].
23. Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232.
24. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)/lgos s.v. ἄλγος].
25. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Gantz, p. 10; Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232.
26. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].
27. [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 227].
28. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Du(smi%2Fnh s.v. ὑσμίνη].
29. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Gantz, p. 10.
30. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].
31. Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232.
32. [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.245.xml 5.36].
33. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*m%3Aentry+group%3D19%3Aentry%3Dma%2Fxh s.v. μάχη].
34. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Gantz, p. 10; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].
35. Caldwell, p. 40 on 212–232.
36. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Du(smi%2Fnh s.v. φόνος].
37. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].
38. Gantz, p. 10.
39. [[Hesiod]], ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.15.xml 155].
40. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da)ndroktasi%2Fa s.v. ἀνδροκτασία].
41. Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232]
42. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].
43. Gantz, p. 10
44. [[Hesiod]], ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.15.xml 155].
45. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=nei%3Dkos&la=greek&can=nei%3Dkos0#lexicon s.v. νεῖκος].
46. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=yeu=dos s.v. ψεῦδος].
47. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].
48. Gantz, p. 10.
49. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=lo%2Fgos&la=greek&can=lo%2Fgos0#lexicon s.v. λόγος].
50. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21].
51. Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].
52. Gantz, p. 10.
53. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=a%29mfilogi%2Fa&la=greek&can=a%29mfilogi%2Fa0&prior=a)mfiloge/omai#lexicon s.v. ἀμφιλογία].
54. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].
55. Gantz, p. 10.
56. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddusnomi%2Fa s.v. δυσνομία].
57. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].
58. Gantz, p. 10.
59. Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].
60. Siewert, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e824420.xml s.v. Nomos].
61. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da)%2Fth s.v. ἄτη].
62. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].
63. Most 2018a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml p. 21].
64. Gantz, p. 10.
65. Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/42/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42 on 212–232].
66. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].
67. ''[[LSJ]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do(%2Frkos s.v. ὄρκος].
68. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA31 p. 31].
69. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA30 p. 30]; Gantz, p. 9.
70. Tripp, s.v. Eris.
71. Gantz, p. 9; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.565.xml 24.27—30].
72. Gantz, p. 9; Proclus, ''Chrestomathy'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.69.xml ''Cypria'' 1]. According to ''[[Cypria]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.81.xml fr. 1 West] (compare with [[Euripides]], ''[[Orestes (play). Orestes]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-orestes/2002/pb_LCL011.599.xml 1639–42], ''[[Helen (play). Helen]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-helen/2002/pb_LCL011.15.xml 36–41]) Zeus' reason for wanting the war was overpopulation, see Reeves 1966.
73. [[Euripides]], ''[[Andromache (play). Andromache]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-andromache/1995/pb_LCL484.301.xml 274–292], ''[[Helen (play). Helen]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-helen/2002/pb_LCL011.15.xml 23–30], ''[[Iphigenia in Aulis]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-iphigenia-aulis/2003/pb_LCL495.303.xml 1300–1308], ''[[The Trojan Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-trojan_women/1999/pb_LCL010.105.xml 924–931]. So also [[Isocrates]], ''Helen'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0010.tlg009.perseus-eng1:41 10.41].
74. Gantz, p. 9; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus. Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#92 92]; compare with [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus). Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.3.2 E.3.2].
75. McCartney, p. 70; [[Lucian]], ''Dialogues of the Sea-Gods'' [https://archive.org/details/lucianvolviiloeb00luci/page/202/mode/2up 7 (5)]; compare [[Lucian]], ''The Judgement of the Goddesses'' (''Dialogues of the Gods'' 20) [https://archive.org/details/lucianhar03luciuoft/page/384/mode/2up 1]; [[Tzetzes]], ''[[Chiliades]]'', [https://archive.org/details/TzetzesCHILIADES/page/n168/mode/1up 5.31 (Story 24)], ''On Lycophron'' [https://archive.org/details/lycophronisalexa02lycouoft/page/50/mode/2up 93]; [[First Vatican Mythographer]], 205 (Pepin, p. 89); [[Second Vatican Mythographer]], 249 (Pepin, p. 197).
76. Nünlist, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e401590.xml s.v. Eris].
77. Nünlist, [https://referenceworks-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/display/entries/NPOE/e401590.xml s.v. Eris]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.711-5.763 5.740] (aegis), [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.327.xml 18.535] (shield).
78. [[Hesiod]], ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.15.xml 154–156].
79. Brown, [https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-2491 s.v. Eris]; e.g. [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.197.xml 4.439–445], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.245.xml 5.517–518], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.493.xml 11.3–14], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.497.xml 11.73—74], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.327.xml 18.535], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.371.xml 20.47—48]. For a discussion of the use of the word ''eris'' in the ''Iliad'', see Nagler 1988.
80. Leaf, on ''Iliad'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0056%3Abook%3D4%3Acommline%3D440 440].
81. [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL171.371.xml 20.47—48]: "But when the Olympians had come into the midst of the throng of men, then up leapt mighty Strife, the rouser of armies".
82. According to Leaf, on [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0056%3Abook%3D4%3Acommline%3D440 440], in this passage (and elsewhere), Eris "must not be regarded as siding with either party, but as arousing alike ''τοὺς μέν'' and ''τοὺς δέ''", nor as being a combatant.
83. [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.245.xml 5.517–518].
84. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA30 p. 30].
85. [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.497.xml 11.73—74].
86. [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homer-iliad/1924/pb_LCL170.245.xml 5.517–518].
87. [[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-works_days/2018/pb_LCL057.87.xml 14–16].
88. West 1966, p. 231 on 228; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 228].
89. Lecznar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZFlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA454 p. 454].
90. [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''Metamorphoses'' [https://topostext.org/work/216#11 11].
91. Hopkinson, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL019/2018/pb_LCL019.ix.xml pp. vii–ix].
92. [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.25.xml 1.159], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.25.xml 1.180], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.245.xml 5.31], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.323.xml 6.359], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.411.xml 8.68], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.421.xml 8.186], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.457.xml 9.147], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.497.xml 10.53], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.535.xml 11.8].
93. [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.113.xml 2.460], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.323.xml 6.359].
94. [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.323.xml 6.359], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.431.xml 8.326], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.457.xml 9.147].
95. [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.113.xml 2.460], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.471.xml 9.324].
96. [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca01nonnuoft/page/72/mode/2up?view=theater 2.358–359], [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca01nonnuoft/page/170/mode/2up?view=theater 5.41–42].
97. Giroux, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-1%20Atherion-Eros/page/n448/mode/1up p. 849].
98. Gantz, p. 9.
99. Gantz, p. 9; Giroux, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-1%20Atherion-Eros/page/n447/mode/1up p. 847 (Eris 3)]; [[Pausanias (geographer). Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.19.2 5.19.2].
100. Gantz, p. 9; Giroux, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-1%20Atherion-Eros/page/n446/mode/1up p. 847 (Eris 1)]; Beazley Archive [https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/4AA4A706-6649-45A3-BD00-9AAE4FA19A72 207]; ''LIMC'' III-2, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-2%20Atherion-Eros/page/n309/mode/1up p. 608 (Eris 1)]; [[Digital LIMC]] [https://app.dasch.swiss/resource/080E/oYsFrps0WwqrnqnRI6iDyA 33843].
101. Gantz, p. 9; Giroux, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-1%20Atherion-Eros/page/n448/mode/1up p. 848 (Eris 7)]; Beazley Archive [https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/B1234659-0EAD-4740-9A4C-CEA11020C54E 215695]; Perseus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=St.+Petersburg+St.+1807&object=Vase St. Petersburg St. 1807 (Vase)]; [[Digital LIMC]] [https://app.dasch.swiss/resource/080E/vg7LwWlkVVufFCN37eEwdw 471]; ''LIMC'' III-2, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20III-2%20Atherion-Eros/page/n309/mode/1up p. 608 (Eris 7)].
102. H. J. Rose. (2006). "A Handbook of Greek Mythology, Including Its Extension to Rome". [[Kessinger Publishing]].
103. (2002). "The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales". [[W. W. Norton & Company]].
104. Mäkelä & Petsche, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260383131_Serious_parody_Discordianism_as_liquid_religion "Abstract"]; Robertson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRyJ-vbrJsC&&pg=PA421 pp. 421–424]; Cusack, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EoduVhGsfp0C&pg=PA28 pp. 28–30].
105. {{Cite Q. Q94481265