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Energy density Extended Reference Table

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This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page.

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Storage typeSpecific energy (MJ/kg)Energy density (MJ/L)Peak recovery efficiency %Practical recovery efficiency %Storage typeEnergy density by mass (MJ/kg)Energy density by volume (MJ/L)Peak recovery efficiency %Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary antimatter89,875,517,874depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion576,000,000
Uranium-235 fissile isotopelast1=Prelasfirst1=Marktitle=Nuclear-Pumped Lasersdate=2015publisher=Springerisbn=978-3-319-19845-3page=135url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmn_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135}}1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor3,456,00035%
Pu-238 α-decay2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer1,326,00017,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor443,00035%
Ta-180m isomer41,340689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy)216
Specific orbital energy of low Earth orbit (approximate)33.0
Beryllium + oxygen23.9
Lithium + fluorine23.75
Octaazacubane potential explosive22.9
Hydrogen + oxygen13.4
Gasoline + oxygen13.3
Dinitroacetylene explosive – computed9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive8.516.9
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive – computed8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive – computed8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive7
Tetranitrocubane explosive – computed6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)6.912.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant – computed6.6
Nitroglycerinurl=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/chemstry/chemstry.htmtitle=Chemical Explosivespublisher=Fas.orgdate=2008-05-30access-date=2010-05-07}}10.2
ANFO–ANNM6.26
Lithium–air battery6.12
Octogen (HMX)5.710.8
TNT4.6106.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)4.1320.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer)4.0018.4
ANFO3.7
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)2.73.8
Li-ion nanowire battery2.542995%
Lithium thionyl chloride battery2.5
Water (220.64 bar, 373.8 °C)1.9680.708
Kinetic energy penetrator1.930
Lithium–sulfur battery1.801.26
Fluoride-ion battery1.72.8
Hydrogen closed cycle fuel cell1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant)1.61.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)1.42.5
Molten salt198%
Molecular spring (approximate)1
Lithium metal battery0.83-1.011.98-2.09
Sodium–sulfur battery0.721.2385%
Lithium-ion battery0.46–0.720.83–3.6first=Justinlast=Lemire-Elmoredate=2004-04-13title=The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicyclesurl=http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdfat=p. 7: Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteriesaccess-date=2009-02-26archive-date=2012-09-13archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913095738/http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf }}
Sodium–nickel chloride battery, high temperature0.56
Zinc–manganese (alkaline) battery, long life design0.4-0.591.15-1.43
Silver-oxide battery0.471.8
Flywheelurl=http://www.itpower.co.uk/investire/pdfs/flywheelrep.pdftitle=Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheelaccess-date=2012-12-14archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114062530/http://www.itpower.co.uk/investire/pdfs/flywheelrep.pdfarchive-date=2013-01-14 }}
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density0.43.2
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries0.41.55
Liquid nitrogen0.349
Water – enthalpy of fusion0.3340.334
Zinc–bromine flow battery (ZnBr)0.27
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), high-power design as used in cars0.2500.493
Nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd)0.141.0880%
[Zinc–carbon battery
[Lead–acid battery0.140.36
Vanadium redox battery0.090.11887070-75%
Vanadium bromide redox battery0.180.25280%–90%
Ultracapacitor0.01990.050
Supercapacitor0.01last1=Zdenekfirst1=Cerovskýlast2=Pavelfirst2=Mindltitle=Hybrid drive with super-capacitor energy storageurl=http://www2.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdfarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722130618/http://www3.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdfarchive-date=2012-07-22access-date=2012-12-14publisher=Faculty of Mechanical Engineering CTU in Prague}}39%–70%
Superconducting magnetic energy storage0.00895%
Capacitor0.002
Neodymium magnetlast1=Rahmanfirst1=M.last2=Slemonfirst2=G.date=September 1985title=Promising applications of neodymium boron Iron magnets in electrical machinesurl=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1064113/keywordsjournal=IEEE Transactions on Magneticslanguage=envolume=21issue=5pages=1712–1716doi=10.1109/TMAG.1985.1064113bibcode=1985ITM....21.1712Rissn=0018-9464archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513205201/http://www.askmar.com/Magnets/Promising%20Magnet%20Applications.pdfarchive-date=13 May 2011url-access=subscription }}
Ferrite magnet0.0003
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring0.00030.0006

Notes

References

  1. (2015). "Nuclear-Pumped Lasers". Springer.
  2. (2010-03-01). "Metallic hydrogen: The most powerful rocket fuel yet to exist". Journal of Physics: Conference Series.
  3. (2002-05-01). "The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society.
  4. (1996-05-28). "Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?". Inorganic Chemistry.
  5. Miller, Catherine. (1 February 2021). "Introduction to Rocket Propulsion".
  6. (April 2009). "Theoretical Study on Thermodynamic and Detonation Properties of Polynitrocubanes". Wiley.
  7. (May 1992). "Am1 MO Study of Benzene Nitro Derivatives". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics.
  8. (2008-05-30). "Chemical Explosives". Fas.org.
  9. [[Nitroglycerin]]
  10. [[HMX]]
  11. (1985). "Explosive shocks in air". [[Springer Publishing.
  12. (2007-12-18). "Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery". Stanford Report.
  13. "Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries". Nexergy.
  14. (2005-09-28). "Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet". Sion Power.
  15. (2008). "Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry.
  16. (1994-12-01). "The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell". Llnl.gov.
  17. "Technology". SolarReserve.
  18. "ProCell Lithium battery chemistry". [[Duracell]].
  19. "Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries". corrosion-doctors.org.
  20. (2009-04-04). "New battery could change world, one house at a time". Daily Herald.
  21. (August 1984). "Energy Citations Database (ECD) – Document #5960185". Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference.
  22. "Battery energy storage in various battery types". AllAboutBatteries.com.
  23. "Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh – Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4)".
  24. "Lithium Batteries".
  25. Lemire-Elmore, Justin. (2004-04-13). "The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles".
  26. "Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel".
  27. "Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage". Product Design & Development.
  28. "Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008".
  29. "ZBB Energy Corp".
  30. [http://www.movitrom.com/files_pdf/baterias/saft/NHE_en.pdf High Energy Metal Hydride Battery] {{webarchive. link. (2009-09-30)
  31. "V-Fuel Company and Technology Sheet 2008".
  32. "Ultracapacitors – BCAP3000". Maxwell Technologies.
  33. "Hybrid drive with super-capacitor energy storage". Faculty of Mechanical Engineering CTU in Prague.
  34. [http://www.accel.de/pages/2_mj_superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage_smes.html] {{webarchive. link. (February 16, 2010)
  35. Juvonen, Matti. (7 February 2003). "Supercapacitors: replacing batteries". Department of Computing, Imperial College London.
  36. (September 1985). "Promising applications of neodymium boron Iron magnets in electrical machines". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
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