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Endoderm

Inner germ layer of embryonic development

Summary

Inner germ layer of embryonic development

Field	Value
Name	Endoderm
Image	Embryonic_origin_of_endoderm.png
Caption	Tissues derived from endoderm.
Days	16
Precursor	Epiblast

Endoderm is the innermost of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the ectoderm (outside layer) and mesoderm (middle layer). Cells migrating inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the endoderm.

The endoderm consists at first of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the epithelial lining of multiple systems.

In plant biology, endoderm corresponds to the innermost part of the cortex (bark) in young shoots and young roots often consisting of a single cell layer. As the plant becomes older, more endoderm will lignify.

Production

The following chart shows the tissues produced by the endoderm. The embryonic endoderm develops into the interior linings of two tubes in the body, the digestive and respiratory tube.

Layer	Category	System
General	Gastrointestinal tract	the entire alimentary canal except part of the mouth, pharynx and the terminal part of the rectum (which are lined by involutions of the ectoderm), the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tube, including those of the liver and pancreas
General	Respiratory tract	the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli of the lungs
General	Endocrine glands and organs	the lining of the follicles of the thyroid gland and the epithelial component of the thymus (i.e. thymic epithelial cells).
	Auditory system	the epithelium of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity
	Urinary system	the urinary bladder and part of the urethra

Liver and pancreas cells are believed to derive from a common precursor.

In humans, the endoderm can differentiate into distinguishable organs after 5 weeks of embryonic development.

Additional images

File:Gray21.png|Section through the embryo. File:Gray32.png|Section through ovum imbedded in the uterine decidua Transcription factor network in endoderm induction..jpg|Signaling pathway to inducing endoderm

References

Langman's Medical Embryology, 11th edition. 2010.
(August 2005). "Endoderm development in vertebrates: fate mapping, induction and regional specification". Development, Growth and Differentiation.
Gilbert, SF. "Endoderm". Sinauer Associates.
The '''General''' category denotes that all or most of the [[animal]]s containing this layer produce the adjacent product.
Zaret KS. (October 2001). "Hepatocyte differentiation: from the endoderm and beyond". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev..

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

endoderm germ-layers developmental-biology embryology gastrulation

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