Endocrine disease

Types of disease

Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:

1. Endocrine gland hypofunction/hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)
2. Endocrine gland hyperfunction/hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
3. Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands

Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.

List of diseases

Glucose homeostasis disorders

• Diabetes
  • Type 1 Diabetes
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Gestational Diabetes
  • Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young
  • Diabetic myopathy
• Hypoglycemia
  • Idiopathic hypoglycemia
  • Insulinoma
• Glucagonoma

Thyroid disorders

• Goitre
• Hyperthyroidism
  • Graves-Basedow disease
  • Toxic multinodular goitre
  • Thyrotoxic myopathy
• Hypothyroidism
  • Hypothyroid myopathies
    • Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome
    • Hoffmann syndrome
    • Myasthenic syndrome
    • Atrophic form
• Thyroiditis
  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• Thyroid cancer
• Thyroid hormone resistance

Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease

• Parathyroid gland disorders
  • Hyperparathyroidism
    • Primary hyperparathyroidism
    • Secondary hyperparathyroidism
    • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
    • Hyperparathyroid myopathy
  • Hypoparathyroidism
    • Pseudohypoparathyroidism
    • Hypoparathyroid myopathy
• Osteoporosis
• Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone)
• Rickets
• Osteomalacia

Pituitary gland disorders

Posterior pituitary

• Diabetes insipidus
• Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Anterior pituitary

• Hypopituitarism (or Panhypopituitarism)
• Pituitary tumors
  • Pituitary adenomas
  • Prolactinoma (or Hyperprolactinemia)
  • Acromegaly, gigantism, dwarfism
  • Cushing's disease

Adrenal gland disorders

• Addison's disease
• Adrenal crisis
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Adrenal tumour
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Hypercortisolism (Cushing's disease)
  • Steroid myopathy
• Hypoaldosteronism
• Hyperaldosteronism

Sex hormone disorders

• Disorders of sex development or intersex disorders
  • Hermaphroditism
  • Gonadal dysgenesis
  • Androgen insensitivity syndromes
• Hypogonadism (Gonadotropin deficiency)
  • Inherited (genetic and chromosomal) disorders
    • Kallmann syndrome
    • Klinefelter syndrome
    • Turner syndrome
  • Acquired disorders
    • Ovarian failure (also known as Premature Menopause)
    • Testicular failure
      • Testosterone deficiency myopathy
• Disorders of Puberty
  • Delayed puberty
  • Precocious puberty
• Menstrual function or fertility disorders
  • Amenorrhea
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere

• Multiple endocrine neoplasia
  • MEN type 1
  • MEN type 2a
  • MEN type 2b
• Carcinoid syndrome

Endocrine emergencies

In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema coma and pituitary apoplexy.

Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization). It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.

References

References

1. "Endocrine Disorders". webmd.
2. "Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland". endocrineweb.
3. D'Souza, Donna M.. (2013-12-20). "Diabetic myopathy: impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cells". Frontiers in Physiology.
4. Sharma, Vikas. (July 2014). "Myopathies of endocrine disorders: A prospective clinical and biochemical study". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology.
5. Fariduddin, Maria M.. (2023). "Hypothyroid Myopathy". StatPearls Publishing.
6. Rodolico, Carmelo. (September 2020). "Endocrine myopathies: clinical and histopathological features of the major forms". Acta Myologica: Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies.
7. Savage, M W. (1 September 2004). "Endocrine emergencies". Postgraduate Medical Journal.
8. Brouwers, FM. (December 2006). "Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma.". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America.
9. Tahim, AS. (2010). "A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis.". Case Reports in Medicine.
10. Newell, KA. (August 1988). "Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency.". Archives of Surgery.
11. Scholten, A.. (2 January 2013). "Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
12. Phitayakorn, R. (June 2008). "Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy.". Journal of the American College of Surgeons.