Emotion work

Hochschild

Arlie Russell Hochschild, who introduced the term in 1979, distinguished emotion work – unpaid emotional work that a person undertakes in private life – from emotional labor: emotional work done in a paid work setting. Emotion work occurs when people attempt to change their emotions or their emotional display for their own non-compensated benefit (e.g., in their interactions with family and friends). By contrast, emotional labor has exchange value because it is traded and performed for a wage.

In a later development, Hochschild distinguished between two broad types of emotion work, and among three techniques of emotion work. The two broad types involve evocation and suppression of emotion, while the three techniques of emotion work that Hochschild describes are cognitive, bodily and expressive.

However, the concept (if not the term) has been traced back as far as Aristotle: as Aristotle saw, the problem is not with emotionality, but with the appropriateness of emotion and its expression.

Examples

One example of emotion work may involve a person with very strong feelings actively working to try to seem indifferent or neutral. One who is bored or uninterested might feign interest in a conversation. If someone breaks up with their partner, it takes a great deal of emotion work for that person to convince themselves that they no longer love their ex-partner and do not want to be with them anymore. This effort of trying to change one's own emotions, to like someone less, or to begin to see someone only as a friend despite feeling strong romantic feelings for them, is an example of emotion work.

Emotion work also involves the orientation of oneself or others to accord with accepted norms of emotional expression: emotion work is often performed by family members and friends, who put pressure on individuals to conform to emotional norms. Arguably, then, an individual's ultimate obeisance and/or resistance to aspects of emotion regimes are made visible in their emotion work.

Cultural norms often imply that emotion work is reserved for females. There is certainly evidence to the effect that the emotional management that women and men do is asymmetric; and that in general, women come into a marriage groomed for the role of emotional manager.

Criticism

The social theorist Victor Jeleniewski Seidler argues that women's emotion work is merely another demonstration of false consciousness under patriarchy, and that emotion work, as a concept, has been adopted, adapted or criticized to such an extent that it is in danger of becoming a "catch-all-cliché".

More broadly, the concept of emotion work has itself been criticized as a wide over-simplification of mental processes such as repression and denial which continually occur in everyday life.

Literary analogues

Rousseau in The New Heloise suggests that the attempt to master instrumentally one's affective life always results in a weakening and eventually the fragmentation of one's identity, even if the emotion work is performed at the demand of ethical principles.

References

References

1. (April 2000). "Predictors of emotion work and household labor among dual-earner couples". CYFAR Program, [[University of Minnesota]].
2. Oliker, Stacey J.. (1989). "Best friends and marriage: exchange among women". University of California Press.
3. Hochschild, Arlie Russell. (November 1979). "Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure". [[University of Chicago Press]].
4. Hochschild, Arlie R.. (1990). "Research agendas in the sociology of emotions". SUNY Press.
5. (2002). "Managing emotions in the workplace". M.E. Sharpe.
6. Hochschild, Arlie Russell. (1990). "Research agendas in the sociology of emotions". [[State University of New York Press]].
7. Peterson, Gretchen. (2006). "Handbook of the sociology of emotions". [[Springer Science+Business Media.
8. Goleman, Daniel. (1995). "Emotional intelligence: why it can matter more than IQ". Bantam Books.
9. (2011). "Sexed sentiments: interdisciplinary perspectives on gender and emotion". Rodopi.
10. Clarke, Odette. (2011). "Sexed sentiments: interdisciplinary perspectives on gender and emotion".
11. Kimmel, Michael S.. (2004). "The gendered society". Oxford University Press.
12. Oliker. (1989). "Best friends and marriage: exchange among women".
13. Goleman. (1995). "Emotional intelligence".
14. Seidler, Victor J.. (1998). "Emotions in social life: critical themes and contemporary issues". Routledge.
15. Ferrara. (1993). "Modernity and authenticity: a study in the social and ethical thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau".