Emley Moor transmitting station

History

Emley Moor has been a transmission site since the earliest days of commercial television in the UK. The present concrete tower is the third antenna support structure to have occupied the site.

The first permanent transmitter built there was for ITV, covering much of the north of England. It had a 135 m lattice tower, which provided limited coverage. This original 135 m lattice tower was erected in 1956 to provide Independent Television broadcasts to the Yorkshire area. It entered service on 3 November 1956, transmitting Granada Television programmes on weekdays, and ABC TV programmes at weekends.

Second mast and collapse

In 1964 in anticipation of colour PAL transmissions set to begin in 1966, the original 443 ft lattice tower was replaced by a taller 385.5 m guyed mast, identical to the structure at Belmont transmitting station in Lincolnshire. The dismantled lattice tower was rebuilt at Craigkelly transmitting station. Yorkshire Television commenced broadcasting from the Emley Moor transmitter following the reorganisation of the ITV franchises on 29 July 1968.

The guy-supported tubular mast was constructed from curved steel segments to form a 2.75 m tube, 275 m long, and was surmounted by a lattice section 107 m tall, and a capping cylinder, bringing the total height to 385.5 m. At the time of its construction, it was one of the tallest human-made structures in the world. It was designed by British Insulated Callender's Cables (BICC), and manufactured by EMI, and built by J. L. Eve Construction.

Its ropes weighed 85 lt, made by British Ropes, with steel from Steel, Peech and Tozer of Templeborough in South Yorkshire. The column weighed 210 lt and had 375 segments, with steel from United Steel Companies at Scunthorpe in northern Lincolnshire.

The cylindrical steel mast was regularly coated in ice during the winter, and large icicles formed on the guy wires, placing them under great strain. During winter, ice often fell from the guy-wires. For this reason, amber warning lights on the tower operated when ice was a hazard, and notices were posted on the fence adjacent to Jagger Lane, below the guy wire crossings.

On 19 March 1969, a combination of strong winds and the weight of ice that had formed around the top of the mast and on the guy wires caused the structure to collapse.

The collapse left sections of twisted mast strewn over the transmitter site, and across the junction of Common Lane and Jagger Lane, and the surrounding fields. Although a falling stay cable cut through the roof of a local chapel and across the transmitter site buildings, no one was injured. It completely disabled the BBC2 UHF transmitter and the ITV VHF transmitter, leaving several million people without service. BBC1 VHF television transmissions continued from Holme Moss. The Independent Television Authority (ITA) owned a collapsible emergency mast, 61 m tall, which was moved to Emley from the Lichfield transmitting station so that some service could be restored. ITV signals were restored to 2.5 million viewers within four days. The BBC provided a mobile mast on an outside broadcast van to restore a restricted BBC2 colour service within two days. The ITA bought a larger temporary mast from a Swedish company. A crew of Polish riggers were hired, and a 204 m mast was erected in under 28 days at a cost of (equivalent to £ million in ). This mast could hold only one set of antennae, so many viewers in outlying areas still could not receive colour programmes. The taller mast was brought into service on 16 April. Some weeks later, the BBC erected a 91 m mast, improving coverage.

The accumulation of ice was believed to have caused the collapse, but a committee of inquiry attributed it to vortex shedding which occurred over a five-year period of low but steady wind speed, enhanced during periods of high wind speed. Damping modifications, including hanging 150 lt of steel chains within each structure, were made to similar masts at Belmont and Winter Hill. None of the modified masts have collapsed.

A section of the collapsed tower was converted for use as a racing control tower at Huddersfield Sailing Club on Boshaw Whams Reservoir.

New tower

After the setting up of temporary masts, erection of the current concrete tower began in 1969. It was not built on the site where the original mast had stood, but slightly to the south-east at . UHF (625-line colour) transmissions commenced on 21 January 1971, and the older VHF (405-line black and white) system became operational on 21 April 1971. Local residents did not wish to see another mast on Emley Moor, and a departure from usual designs was called for. The new structure consists of a tapered cylindrical pillar, 275 m tall, constructed of reinforced concrete, and is topped by a 55 m steel lattice mast which carries the antennae.

Structure

The structure is a tapered, reinforced concrete tower. It is the tallest freestanding structure in the United Kingdom at a height of 1084 ft, The tower has a top-floor interior equipment area at a height of 330 m, which is accessible to people.

In 2002 English Heritage granted the tower Grade II listed building protection under UK law, being the lowest and most common of three categories, for meeting its criteria of significant architectural or historic interest.

Ownership

The tower is currently owned by Arqiva, previously the Independent Broadcasting Authority Engineering section, privatised as NTL Broadcast.

Broadcast details

Emley Moor tower broadcasts six digital television multiplexes, three digital radio ensembles, and two independent local radio stations (Capital Yorkshire and Heart Yorkshire), over an area of approximately 10000 sqkm. It is the main station for 57 relays and repeaters throughout Yorkshire and the surrounding counties. In July 2007, it was confirmed by Ofcom that Emley Moor would remain a B group transmitter after digital switchover (DSO).

The area is important for RF, radio frequency transmission, and from the foot of the structure, both Holme Moss and the Moorside Edge transmitter are visible. They are within a ten-mile (16 km) radius, and are located to the southwest and west-northwest, respectively.

Its television coverage area is one of the largest in the UK; covering most of Yorkshire and parts of the East Midlands including Leeds, Sheffield, York, Chesterfield, Worksop and Mansfield. Some transmissions can be received in Greater Manchester across the Pennines due to the height of the antenna on the tower and the powerful signal.

Repairs and alterations

Over the years, the concrete structure has been updated to reflect the changing nature of communications and technology. At the top and bottom of the tower, supporting structures have been attached to accommodate dishes and aerials.

The BBC reported in July 2006 that for up to two weeks, it would broadcast analogue and digital signals at a lower power than usual, or shut down between 09:00 and 15:00 BST on weekdays from late July until 4 August, to allow aircraft warning lights to be fitted and repairs carried out. Repairs were estimated to affect around five million homes; however, a spokesperson for National Grid Wireless announced that the work had been scheduled around major events.

Digital UK reported in April 2010 that the transmitter would undergo work in preparation for the digital switchover (DSO) in 2011. Disruption to some or all Freeview services was expected to last for around two months, during which time a reserve transmitter would continue to broadcast the five main analogue channels. The work was then reported to be continuing into September due to "poor weather conditions and complex engineering issues".

In March 2018, a temporary 324 m mast was erected so that work could be undertaken on the main tower's transmitting arrays without interrupting transmissions,.{{cite news |url=https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/work-emley-moor-mast-second-15445599 |title=Where work on Emley Moor Mast and the second temporary mast is up to

Channels listed by frequency

Analogue radio (FM)

Digital radio (DAB)

Digital television (DVB-T/DVB-T2)

Before switchover

Analogue television

At Emley Moor, BBC Two analogue closed on 7 September 2011, and ITV Yorkshire temporarily moved onto its frequency at the time to allow the BBC A MUX to launch in its place. The remaining four analogue services closed on 21 September 2011, when the remaining digital multiplexes were allowed to transmit with increased power.

Relays

Below is a list of transmitters that relay Emley Moor.

Digital television

Other structures of comparable height

;Taller structures

• It is shorter than Skelton transmitting station in Cumbria, a guyed mast, which at 365 m is the tallest structure (of any kind) in the United Kingdom.
  • Skelton is comparable to the:
    • Gerbrandy Tower, partially guyed, between IJsselstein and Lopik in the Netherlands at 366.9 m;
    • Torreta de Guardamar, guyed, in Spain at 370 m.
• The Ostankino Tower, in Moscow, is the tallest freestanding structure in Europe, at 540 m.
• The Kyiv TV Tower is the next-tallest freestanding structure in Europe at 385 m.
• The Riga radio and TV tower follows at 368.5 m.

;Smaller structures

• It is 20 m taller than The Shard in London, which is the next-tallest freestanding structure in the United Kingdom;
• It is 41 m taller than 22 Bishopsgate in London, the UK's second-tallest building;
• It is 95 m taller than One Canada Square by Canary Wharf, London, the UK's third-tallest building;
• Sint-Pieters-Leeuw Tower in Belgium is 302 m;
• The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France is 300 m, plus a 24 m antenna.

Notes

References

;References

;Notes

References

1. "Emley Moor Mast". [[Reach plc]].
2. "How TV transmitters transformed and towered over the UK". [[Ofcom]].
3. {{NHLE
4. "TheBigTower Craigkelly Transmitter".
5. ''[[The Times]]'', Friday 10 September 1965, p. 9
6. (10 October 2020). "Episode #2.7". [[BriteSpark Films]].
7. (2013). "Armchair nation: an intimate history of Britain in front of the TV". Profile Books.
8. (19 July 2014). "Dewsbury mum-of-two wins trip up Emley Moor mast after being named unsung hero". [[Reach plc]].
9. (25 July 2006). "Transmitter work affects millions". [[BBC News]].
10. (29 April 2010). "I receive my TV signal from the Emley Moor transmitter – why are my TV services experiencing interruptions?". [[Digital UK]].
11. "GoggleboxTech.UK".
12. Radio Listeners Guide 2010