Echinacea tennesseensis

Description

Echinacea tennesseensis is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 75 cm tall. The leaves are hairy, lanceolate, and arranged in a basal whorl with only a few small leaves on the flower stems.

The flowers are produced in a capitulum (flowerhead) up to 8 cm (3.2 inches) broad, with a ring of purple ray florets surrounding the brown disc florets.

A noticeable characteristic is its generally erect ray flowers, in contrast to the more drooping rays of its most similar congener, E. angustifolia (widespread throughout the prairie of the central U.S.) and other common Echinacea species such as E. purpurea.

Distribution

Echinacea tennesseensis is a rare species, found in fewer than 10 locations in Davidson, Wilson, and Rutherford Counties.

It has been hypothesized that an ancestral Echinacea species spread into middle Tennessee during the hypsithermal period following the last ice age, when conditions were drier and prairies extended into much of the central eastern U.S. that is now forested. As conditions became wetter, the Echinacea populations became isolated on the prairie-like habitat of the cedar glades which were eventually surrounded by forest. This isolation resulted in divergence and speciation of E. tennesseensis.

Conservation status

The Tennessee coneflower was once a federally listed endangered plant species and its recovery has been aided by the purchase of habitat by the Nature Conservancy and the State of Tennessee. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service proposed that this plant be removed from the endangered species list because all the former threats to the species are eliminated or reduced. The Tennessee coneflower was delisted effective September 2, 2011.

References

References

1. NatureServe. (2 June 2023). "''Echinacea tennesseensis''". NatureServe.
2. "Tennessee purple coneflower (''Echinacea tennesseensis'')". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
3. {{Federal Register. 44. 32604
4. Fish and Wildlife Service. (3 August 2011). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of Echinacea tennesseensis (Tennessee Purple Coneflower) From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Plants". Federal Register.
5. [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-123580 The Plant List, ''Echinacea tennesseensis'' (Beadle) Small ]
6. [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066491 Flora of North America, ''Echinacea tennesseensis'' (Beadle) Small, 1933. Tennessee purple coneflower ]
7. Baskauf, C.J., D.E. McCauley, W.G. Eickmeier. (1994). [http://www.apsu.edu/baskaufc/Evol48.html Genetic analysis of a rare and a widespread species of ''Echinacea'' (Asteraceae)] {{Webarchive. link. (2006-05-20 , "Evolution" 48: 180-188 (abstract).)
8. USFWS. [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-08-12/pdf/2010-19742.pdf#page=1 Removing the Tennessee Purple Coneflower From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Plants.] ''Federal Register'' August 12, 2010.