Eastern chimpanzee

Taxonomy

Though it is formally classified as P. t. schweinfurthii, Colin Groves of the Australian National University argues that there is enough variation between the northern and southern populations of this population of chimpanzees to be split into two subspecies instead of one; the northern population as P. t. schweinfurthii and the southern population as P. t. marungensis.

Threats and conservation

The 2007 IUCN Red List classified them as Endangered. If not properly managed, research and tourism also present a risk of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees. This subspecies has been extensively studied by Dr. Jane Goodall at Gombe Stream National Park.

Physical description

Adult chimpanzees in the wild weigh between 40 and. Males can measure up to 145 cm and females up to 120 cm in height. The chimpanzee's body is covered with coarse black hair, except for the face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. Both of its thumbs and its big toes are opposable, allowing a precision grip. Like most chimpanzee populations, the eastern chimpanzees have amber to brown irises and dark sclerae.

Habitat

The chimpanzee spends time both in trees and on the ground, but usually sleeps in a tree, where it builds a nest for the night. They once inhabited most of this region, but their habitat has been dramatically reduced in recent years.

Behaviour and ecology

Chimpanzees live in communities of typically 20 to more than 150 members, but spend most of their time traveling in small parties of just a few individuals. The eastern chimpanzee is both arboreal and terrestrial and rests in trees at night, but spends the day on the ground.

Chimpanzees walk using the soles of their feet and their knuckles, and they can walk upright for short distances. They are 'knuckle walkers'.

When confronted by a predator, chimpanzees will react with loud screams and use any object they can get against the threat. The leopard is the chimpanzee's main natural predator, but they have also fallen prey to lions.

Diet

Chimpanzees are omnivorous and eat seeds, fruits, honey, leaves, bark, fungi, insects such as termites, ants and small prey such as birds and monkeys. They often use a twig as a tool to reach termites or ants in nests and have been seen using sticks to hunt other small mammals. There are also instances of organized hunting. In some cases, such as the killing of leopard cubs, this primarily seems to be a protective effort, since the leopard is the main natural predator of the common chimpanzee. Isolated cases of cannibalism have also been documented.

Predation

Suspected or confirmed predators of eastern chimpanzees in Tanzania include boomslangs and black-necked spitting cobras.

References

References

1. Plumptre, A.. (2016). "''Pan troglodytes ''ssp.'' schweinfurthii''".
2. {{MSW3 Groves
3. Groves, C.P.. (2005). "Geographic variation within eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes cf. schweinfurthii'' Giglioli, 1872)". Australasian Primatology.
4. Goodall, J.. (1996). "Great Ape Societies". [[Cambridge University Press]].
5. Janssen, E.. (2006). "Chimpanzee fact file". [[African Wildlife Foundation]].
6. Boesch, C.. (1991). "The effects of leopard predation on grouping patterns in forest chimpanzees". Behaviour.
7. D. L. Hart. (May 2000). "Primates as prey: ecological, morphological and behavioral relationships between primate species and their predators". Washington University Department of Anthropology.