Dulcin

Dulcin is an artificial sweetener about 250 times sweeter than sugar, discovered in 1883 by the Polish chemist Józef (Joseph) Berlinerblau (27 August 1859 – 1935).For a biography of Joseph Berlinerblau (with photographs), see:

• Reprinted in: "Józef Berlinerblau" in ewamaria2013 (2014) (in Polish)
• Reprinted in: "Josef Berlinerblau" in Reunion 69 (2014) (in Polish) It was first mass-produced about seven years later. Although it was discovered only five years after saccharin, it never enjoyed the latter compound's market success. Nevertheless, it was an important sweetener of the early 20th century and had an advantage over saccharin in that it did not possess a bitter aftertaste.

Early medical tests marked the substance as safe for human consumption, and it was considered ideal for diabetics. However, an FDA study in 1951 raised many questions about its safety, resulting in its removal from the market in 1954 after animal testing revealed chronic toxicity. The FDA has also said that "the Federal Security Administrator regards these chemicals as poisonous substances which have no place in any food." In Japan, poisoning accidents by dulcin occurred frequently, and use of dulcin was forbidden in 1969.

Dulcin is also known by the names sucrol and valzin.

Preparation

Dulcin can be produced by the addition of potassium cyanate to p-phenetidine hydrochloride in an aqueous solution at room temperature.

An alternate way to make dulcin is by mixing urea and p-phenetidine hydrochloride to a mixture of hydrochloric acid and glacial acetic acid.

Toxicity

Dulcin is toxic to rats at 0.1% of the diet and above. At 0.1%, it causes a slight slowdown in growth; at 1.0%, the slowdown is evident alongside an increase in mortality and noticeable histological changes in liver, kidney, spleen, and heart.

References

References

1. (1884). "Ueber die Einwirkung von Chlorcyan auf Ortho- und auf Para-Amidophenetol". Journal für praktische Chemie.
2. (1921). "Über den Süßstoff Dulcin: seine Darstellung und Eigenschaften". Springer Verlag.
3. (1987). "A tale of two sweeteners". Journal of Chemical Education.
4. (January 18, 1950). "15FR321 Title 21". FDA.
5. [https://s3.amazonaws.com/archives.federalregister.gov/issue_slice/1950/1/19/317-324.pdf#page=5 Food and Drug Administration- Title 21 chapter 1 Federal Register Archive]
6. Wako Pure Chemical Industries]]
7. Bender, David A.. (2005). "A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition". Oxford University Press.
8. Youssef, Khairia M.. (2003). "Synthesis of sulofenur analogs as antitumour agents: Part II". [[Medicinal Chemistry Research]].
9. (1951). "ARYLUREAS II. UREA METHOD p-ETHOXYPHENYLUREA". Org. Synth..
10. (1960). "Studies on Chronic Toxicity of Dulcin". Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi).