Dubna

Geography

The town is 120 m above sea level, situated approximately 125 km north of Moscow, on the Volga River, just downstream from the Ivankovo Reservoir. The reservoir is formed by a hydroelectric dam across the Volga situated within the town borders. The town lies on both banks of the Volga. The western boundary of the town is defined by the Moscow Canal joining the Volga, while the eastern boundary is defined by the Dubna River joining the Volga.

Dubna is the northernmost town of Moscow Oblast.

History

Pre-World War II

Fortress Dubna () belonging to Rostov-Suzdal Principality was built in the area in 1132 by the order of Yuri Dolgoruki and existed until 1216. The fortress was destroyed during the feudal war between the sons of Vsevolod the Big Nest. The village of Gorodishche (Городище) was located on the right bank of the Volga River and was a part of the Kashin Principality. Dubna customs post (Дубненское мыто) was located in the area and was a part of the Principality of Tver.

Before the October Revolution, few villages were in the area: Podberezye was on the left bank of the Volga, and Gorodishche, Alexandrovka, Ivankovo, Yurkino, and Kozlaki () were on the right bank.

Right after the Revolution one of the first collective farms was organized in Dubna area.

In 1931, the Orgburo of the Communist Party made a decision to build the Volga-Moscow Canal. Genrikh Yagoda, then the leader of the State Political Directorate, was put in charge of construction. The Canal was completed in 1937. Ivankovo Reservoir and Ivankovo hydroelectrical plant were also created as a part of the project. Many villages and the town Korcheva were submerged under water. Dubna is mentioned in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's book The Gulag Archipelago as the town built by Gulag prisoners.

Science

The decision to build a proton accelerator for nuclear research was taken by the Soviet government in 1946. An impractical place where the current town is situated was chosen due to remoteness from Moscow and the presence of the Ivankovo power plant nearby. The scientific leader was Igor Kurchatov. The general supervisor of the project including construction of a settlement, a road and a railway connecting it to Moscow (largely involving penal labour of Gulag inmates) was the NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria. After three years of intensive work, the accelerator was commissioned on 13 December 1949.

The town of Dubna was officially inaugurated in 1956, together with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), which has developed into a large international research laboratory involved mainly in particle physics, heavy ion physics, synthesis of transuranium elements, and radiobiology. In 1960, a town of Ivankovo situated on the opposite (left) bank of the Volga was merged into Dubna. In 1964, Dubna hosted the prestigious International Conference on High Energy Physics.

Currently, a construction of the NICA particle collider, a megascience project is underway in Dubna.

Outstanding physicists of the 20th century including Nikolay Bogolyubov, Georgy Flyorov, Vladimir Veksler, and Bruno Pontecorvo used to work at the institute. A number of elementary particles and nuclei of transuranium elements (most recently, element 117 tennessine) have been discovered and investigated there, leading to the honorary naming of chemical element 105 dubnium (Db) for the town.

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Dubna Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Dubna Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Dubna Urban Okrug.

Demographics

|1959|14000 |1970|43700 |1979|54900 |1989|65800 |2003|61000 |2008|62500 |2010|70663 |2012|72357

Economics

Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, JINR and MKB Raduga were the main employers in the town. Since then their role has decreased significantly. Several small industrial enterprises have emerged, however the town still experiences some employment difficulties. Proximity to Moscow allows many to commute and work there. Plans by AFK Sistema and other investors including government structures have been announced to build a Russian analogue of Silicon Valley in Dubna. As of the beginning of 2007, nothing has commenced.

Transport

Шлюз_№1_Дубна.jpg|First gate of Moscow Canal Volga River. Dubna. Cruise ship Mikhail Bulgakov P5223359 2200.jpg|Water transport in Volga Большая Волга (Станция).jpg|Bolshaya Volga railway station Railway station Dubna-2.JPG|Dubna-2 railway station Dubna, road tunnel under the Moscow Canal locks (closed in 2019).jpg|Road tunnel under the Moscow Canal lock Dubna_bridge.winter2018.jpg|Dubna bridge over Volga Dubna is the starting point of the Moscow Canal. In addition to the canal, Dubna is connected to Moscow with the А104 highway, and the Savyolovsky suburban railway line provides access to Moscow. Public transport connections to Moscow include express trains, suburban trains, and bus shuttles departing from the Savyolovsky Rail Terminal.

Culture

Dubna House Culture Oktyabr Lobby.JPG|Oktyabr Palace of Culture House Culture Mir Dubna-2.JPG|Mir House of Culture Dubna Theater.JPG|Dubna Theater Organ Hall Dubna.JPG|Organ Hall Dubna Choral School of Boys.JPG|Boys and Youth Choir School Blokhintsev Library Dubna.JPG|Blokhintsev Library Dubna Lenin.JPG|Statue of Vladimir Lenin at Dubna One of the world's tallest statues of Vladimir Lenin, 25 m high, built in 1937, is located at Dubna at the confluence of the Volga River and the Moscow Canal. The accompanying statue of Joseph Stalin of similar size was demolished in 1961 during the period of de-stalinization. Among the city's cultural facilities are: the Mir House of Culture, the Oktyabr Palace of Culture, a movie theater, 21 libraries, 4 music schools and a school of arts. In 1990, the Dubna Symphony Orchestra was established.

Museums

• Museum of Archeology and Local History of Dubna
• JINR Museum of the History of Science and Technology
• Museum of Natural History at Dubna International University
• Museum of Locks
• Museum of Sports
• Svetoch Culturohistorical Center

Cinema

A variety of movies and miniseries were filmed in the city, such as:

• Volga-Volga (1938)
• Ballad of Siberia (1948)
• Nine Days in One Year (1962)
• All Remains to People (1963)
• Vasili and Vasilisa (1981)
• Katya Ismailova (1994)
• Law of the Lawless (2002)

Sports

Sports Complex Olymp Dubna.JPG|Olympic Sports Complex Pool Archimedes Dubna.JPG|Archimedes Pool of JINR Dubna Pool Raduga.jpg|Raduga Pool Dubna Nekhaevsky Water Stadium.JPG|Nekhaevsky Brothers Water Stadium Dubna is located on the Moscow Canal and the Ivankovo Reservoir, making it a good destination for water sports such as windsurfing, kitesurfing, and water skiing.. In 2004, for the first time, a stage of the Water Ski World Cup took place in the city. In 2011, Dubna hosted the World Waterskiing Championships. Dubna's sports facilities include two stadiums, a waterskiing stadium on the Volga River, four swimming pools, tennis courts, and five sports complexes.

Twin towns and sister cities

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Dubna is twinned with:

• Israel Giv'at Shmuel, Israel
• United States La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
• Ukraine Alushta, Ukraine
• Kazakhstan Kurchatov, Kazakhstan
• China Lincang, China
• Slovakia Nová Dubnica, Slovakia

Gallery

Dubna War Memorial and Gardens.JPG|War Memorial and Gardens on the banks of the Volga River File:Dubna Ilyushin Il-2 1 of 4.JPG|Ilyushin Il-2 in a war memorial in Dubna File:Dubna Ilyushin Il-2 3 of 4.JPG|Plaque concerning the Ilyushin Il-2 war memorial in Dubna File:Dubna 9P512 3 of 3.JPG| Russian locomotive class 9P number 9P512 outside the Bolshaya Volga railway station in Dubna Dubna_Monument_Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-25.JPG|Monument to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 in Dubna

References

Sources

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