DShK

Specifications

The DShK is a belt-fed machine gun firing the 12.7×108mm cartridge, and uses a butterfly trigger. Firing at 600 rounds per minute, it has an effective range of 1+1/2 mi, and can penetrate up to 20 mm of armor up to a range of 500 m. The DShK has two "spider web" ring sights for use against aircraft. It is used by infantry on tripod mounts or deployed with a two-wheeled mounting and a single-sheet armor-plate shield. It is also mounted on tanks and armored vehicles for use against infantry and aircraft; nearly all Soviet-designed tanks with roof or cupola mounts for heavy machine-guns prior to the T-64 use the DShK.

History

Requiring a heavy machine gun similar to the M2 Browning, development of the DShK began in the Soviet Union in 1929 and the first design was finalised by Vasily Degtyaryov in 1931. The initial design used the same gas operation from the Degtyaryov machine gun, and used a 30 round drum magazine, but had a poor rate of fire. Georgy Shpagin revised the design by changing it to a belt-fed with a rotary-feed cylinder, and the new machine gun began production in 1938 as the DShK 1938. The DShK and the American M2 Browning are the only .50 caliber machine guns designed prior to World War II that remain in service to the present day.

During World War II, the DShK was used by the Red Army, with a total of 9,000 produced during the war. It was used mostly in anti-aircraft roles on vehicles such as the GAZ-AA truck, IS-2 tank, ISU-152 self-propelled artillery, and the T-40 amphibious tank. Similar to the PM M1910 Maxim, when deployed against infantry, the DShK was used with a two-wheeled trolley, with which the machine gun weighed a total of 346 lb. In 1944, a much cheaper muzzle brake patterned after the Polish Wz. 35 anti-tank rifle was introduced instead of the complicated early design. After 1945, the DShK was exported widely to other countries in the Eastern Bloc.

In 1946, an improved variant was produced, with a revised muzzle and feeding system. Named the DShK 38/46 or DShK-M, over a million were produced from 1946-1980. The gun was also revised to become more reliable, and easier to manufacture. The new DShK was produced under license in Pakistan, Iran, Yugoslavia, Romania, Poland and Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovak variant, most often encountered on quads, is visually distinguishable by a rectangular muzzle brake. China produced their own variant of the design, designated the Type 54.

After World War II, DShKs were used widely by communist forces in Vietnam, starting with the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954. While not as powerful as anti-aircraft cannons, the DShK was easier to smuggle through Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. DShKs were a major threat to American aircraft in the Vietnam War, and of the 7,500 helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft lost during the war, most were destroyed by anti-aircraft guns including DShK.

In June 1988, during The Troubles, a British Army Westland Lynx helicopter was hit 15 times by two Provisional IRA DShKs smuggled from Libya, and forced to crash-land near Cashel Lough Upper, south County Armagh.

Rebel forces utilized DShKs in the Syrian civil war, often mounting the gun on cars. In 2012, the Syrian government claimed to have destroyed 40 such technicals on a highway in Aleppo and six in Dael.

The DShK began to be partially replaced in the Soviet Union by the NSV machine gun in 1971, and the Kord machine gun in 1998. The DShK remains in service, although it is no longer produced.

The weapon was used by Ukrainian forces in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine to shoot down Iranian-made Shahed-136 drones. The DShKs are fitted with a searchlight when defending against drones, which MANPADS have been unable to destroy. As many of the DShKs have been left over from the Soviet Union, they have been both cost-effective and one of the most reliable methods of destroying drones.

Variants

• DShK-38: the original version of the DShK.

• DShK 38/46: a modernized version of the DShK 38 introduced in 1946. The weapon is commonly referred to simply as the DShKM.

• Vz.38/46: a Czechoslovak license version of the DShKM whose feeding mechanism was modified to allow the breech to be loaded from left or right and allow twin or quad mount.

• Type 54: a copy of the DShKM illegally produced by Norinco of China, which continues to be manufactured under Norinco's license in Pakistan and Iran.

• MGD-12.7: a Type 54 variant produced by Iran.

Users

• Afghanistan
• Albania "DShKM" locally produced from a Chinese copy.
• Algeria
• Angola
• Armenia
• Azerbaijan
• Bangladesh Type 54.
• Belarus
• Bulgaria
• Burkina Faso
• Burundi
• Cambodia
• Cameroon
• Cape Verde
• Central African Republic
• Chad
• Chile
• China: Produced DShKM variant Type 54.
• Congo-Brazzaville
• Congo-Kinshasa
• Cuba
• Cyprus
• Czech Republic
• Egypt
• Equatorial Guinea
• Eritrea
• Ethiopia
• Finland
• Georgia
• Ghana
• Guinea
• Guinea-Bissau
• Hungary
• Indonesia
• Iran: Manufactured DShKM variant named MGD 12.7.
• Iraq called the "Doshka" by Iraqis.
  • Iraqi Kurdistan
• Israel
• India Captured during Kargil War.
• Côte d'Ivoire
• Kazakhstan
• Kenya
• Kyrgyzstan
• Laos
• Liberia
• Libya
• Lithuania
• North Macedonia
• Madagascar
• Mali – Armed and Security Forces of Mali
• Malta
• Mongolia
• Mozambique
• Nicaragua
• Niger
• Nigeria
• North Korea
• North Vietnam
• Pakistan: Used by the Pakistan Army. DShKM variant produced locally.
• Palestine
• Peru
• Poland: Produced locally.
• Romania Produced locally (still used with TR-85 tanks).
• Russia
• Rwanda: Used by Rwandan Peacekeepers in Darfur.
• Saudi Arabia
• Serbia
• Seychelles
• Sierra Leone
• Slovakia
• Somalia
• Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
• South Sudan
• Sudan
• Syria
• Tanzania
• Togo
• Turkey
• Turkmenistan
• Uganda
• Ukraine: Also produces a variant with a bipod and large muzzle brake for infantry usage.
• Vietnam
• Yemen
• Zambia
• Zimbabwe

Former users

• Democratic Republic of Afghanistan / Republic of Afghanistan / Islamic State of Afghanistan / Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
• Czechoslovakia: Produced DShKM variant TK Vz.53 which included a four barrelled version.
• People's Republic of Angola
• Second Republic of Armenia
• United Arab Republic United Arab Republic (1958-1971) / Federation of Arab Republics
• Union of African States
• Republic of Belarus
• People's Republic of Bulgaria
• Central African Empire
• People's Republic of the Congo
• Democratic Republic of the Congo / Democratic Republic of the Congo
• East Germany
• Ethiopia Derg / People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia / People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia / Ethiopia Transitional Government of Ethiopia / Ethiopia Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia - (Flag - 1996–2009)
• Ghana - (flag 1964–66)
• Georgia
• Guinea Government / Guinea Military Committee of National Restoration
• Hungarian People's Republic
• Ivory Coast First Republic of Ivory Coast
• Ba'athist Iraq
• Khmer Republic / Democratic Kampuchea / {flag|People's Republic of Kampuchea|1979}}
• South Yemen
• Yemen Arab Republic
• [[File:Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|22px]] Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
• Rwanda
• Seychelles Republic of Seychelles (1976-1977) / Seychelles |Third Republic of Seychelles
• Libyan Arab Republic / Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
• Madagascar Democratic Republic of Madagascar / Madagascar Third Republic of Madagascar / Madagascar High Transitional Authority
• Republic of Macedonia / Macedonia
• Mongolian People's Republic
• People's Republic of Mozambique
• Nigeria Military dictatorship in Nigeria
• Nicaragua Somoza regime
• Polish People's Republic
• Romanian People's Republic / Socialist Republic of Romania
• Rwanda
• Russian Federation
• Saudi Arabia (Flag 1938 to 1973)
• Sierra Leone Sierra Leone (1961–1971)
• Seychelles Republic of Seychelles (1976-1977) / Seychelles |Third Republic of Seychelles
• Sudan Republic of Sudan (1985–2019)
• Soviet Union: Passed on to successor states.
• Ba'athist Syria
• North Vietnam
• Peru Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru / Peru Republic of Peru
• Peru Business Republic (2000–2016)
• Uganda Sovereign State of Uganda / Second Republic of Uganda / Uganda Third Republic of Uganda
• Yugoslavia: Manufactured DShKM variant.
• Federal Republic of Yugoslavia /
• Zaire:
• Zambia (flag 1964–1996)

Non-state users

• PIJ Al-Quds Brigades
• Islamic State Daesh
• Iraqi insurgents
• Ireland Provisional IRA
• Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg Syrian Democratic Forces
  • Donetsk People's Republic
  • Luhansk People's Republic

Non-state users

• PIJ Al-Quds Brigades
• Islamic State Daesh
• Iraqi insurgents
• Ireland Provisional IRA
• Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg Syrian Democratic Forces

Gallery

MTU-2 ring mounting (1).jpg|A Soviet armed with the DShK machine gun on the MTU-2 ring mount, 1944 Зенитчики бронепоезда «Железняков» у пулеметов ДШК.jpg|The DShK anti-aircraft machine guns mounted on the Soviet armoured train Zhelezniakov, May 1942 12,7-мм станковый пулемёт ДШК образца 1938 года.jpg|The WW2-era DShK M1938 anti-aircraft machine gun in the Artillery Museum (Saint Petersburg) Mitraliera DShK UM Cugir.jpg|A Romanian DShK chambered in 12.7×99mm NATO on display at Expomil 2005 A soldier with the Ukrainian Land Forces fires a Degtyaryov-Shpagin Large-Caliber heavy machine gun.jpg|A soldier with the Ukrainian Land Forces fires a DShKM Black Sea Defense and Aerospace 2010 (6).jpg|DShKM TR-85M1 Romanian URO VAMTAC S3 in service with the Romanian military.jpg|DShKM URO VAMTAC DShK on T-55 DD-SD-01-05147.JPEG|DShKM anti-aircraft machine gun on a T-55 tank loader's roof hatch Anti-aircraft gun in Museo Giron.jpg|The M53 is an anti-aircraft mounting of four 12.7 mm heavy machine guns vz. 38/46 (Czech copy of Soviet DShKM)

References

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