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Directors of New Netherland

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This is a list of directors, appointed by the Dutch West India Company, of the 17th century Dutch province of New Netherland (Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch) in North America. Only the last, Peter Stuyvesant, held the title of Director-General. As the colony grew, citizens advisory boards – known as the Twelve Men, Eight Men, and Nine Men – exerted more influence on the director and thus affairs of province.

There were New Netherland settlements in what later became the US states of New York, New Jersey, and Delaware, with short-lived outposts in areas of today's Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania. The capital, New Amsterdam, became the city of New York when the New Netherlanders provisionally ceded control of the colony to the English, who renamed the city and the rest of the province in June 1665.

During the restitution to Dutch rule from August 1673 to November 1674, when New Netherland was under the jurisdiction of the City of Amsterdam, the first Dutch governor, Anthony Colve, was appointed.

List of directors

From 1624–1664

Portrait	Director or
director-general	Took office	Left office	Notes
	Cornelius Jacobsen May
(fl. 1600s)	1624	1625
	Willem Verhulst
(or van der Hulst)
(fl. 1600s)	1625	1626
[[File:Peter Minuit (Minnewit) old portrait.jpg	50px	alt=Portrait of Peter Minuit]]	Peter Minuit
(1580–1638)	1626	1631
	Sebastiaen Jansen Krol
(1595–1674)	1632	1633
[[File:Wouter van Twiller.jpg	50px	alt=portrait of Wouter van Twiller by Washington Allston]]	Wouter van Twiller
(1606–1654)	1633	1638
[[File:Willem (Wilhelm) Kieft (1597-1647) Director of New Netherland.jpg	50px	alt=Portrait of Willem Kieft]]	Willem Kieft
(1597–1647)	1638	1647
[[File:Petrus (Peter Pieter) Stuyvesant portrait c1660.jpg	50px	alt=Portrait of Peter Stuyvesant]]	Peter Stuyvesant
(–1672)	1647	1664

Restoration of the colony, 1673–1674

In 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch were able to recapture New Amsterdam (renamed "New York" by the English) under Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Captain Anthony Colve. Evertsen renamed the city "New Orange." Evertsen returned to the Netherlands in July 1674, and was accused of disobeying his orders. Evertsen had been instructed not to retake New Amsterdam but instead to conquer the English colonies of Saint Helena and Cayenne (now French Guiana). In 1674, the Dutch were compelled to relinquish New Amsterdam to the English under the terms of the Second Treaty of Westminster.

Portrait	Governor	Took office	Left office	Notes
	Anthony Colve
(1644–1693)	1673	1674

References

(April 1, 2012). "New Amsterdam - Notable Citizens".
Burrows, Edwin G., and Wallace, Mike. ''Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), xivff.
[[Donna Merwick. Merwick, Donna]]. ''The Shame and the Sorrow: Dutch-Amerindian Encounters in New Netherland'' Early American Series. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).
(1641–1647). "Journal of New Netherland 1647. Written in the Years 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, and 1646".
Shorto, Russell. ''The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America''. (New York City: Vintage Books, 2004).
Otto, Paul. ''The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley''. (Oxford/New York: Berghahn Books, 2006), 152; and Kraft, Herbert C. ''The Lenape: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography''. (Newark, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Society, 1986), 241.
Roosevelt, Theodore. "[http://www.bartleby.com/171/4.html IV. New Amsterdam becomes New York The Beginning of English Rule. 1664–1674]," in ''New York: A Sketch of the City's Social, Political, and Commercial Progress from the First Dutch Settlement to Recent Times''. (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1906).
Barrevald, Dirk J. ''From New Amsterdam to New York: The Founding of New York by the Dutch in July 1625''. (Lincoln, Nebraska: Writers Club Press, 2001), 248.
Shomette, Donald G. and Haslach, Robert D. ''Raid on America: The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672–1674''. (Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), 73, 139–151; De Waard, Cornelis. ''De Zeeuwsche expeditie naar de West onder Cornelis Evertsen den Jonge, 1672–1674''. (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1928). (in Dutch)
Westdorp, Martina. [http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/zeeuwseexpeditie2.htm "Behouden of opgeven? Het lot van de nederlandse kolonie Nieuw-Nederland na de herovering op de Engelsen in 1673"] {{webarchive. link. (2008-06-30 in ''De wereld van Peter Stuyvesant'' (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 March 2013.)
Prak, Maarten. The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 116.

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