Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge

Plot

Raj and Simran are British Indians living in London. Simran hails from a middle-class family, is shy and reserved, and bound by the rules set for her family by father-patriarch, Baldev. Raj is brash like his father, a successful businessman, who regrets spending his youth chasing wealth. Fate brings Raj and Simran together at the start of their backpacking trips to Europe. Simran is late for her train and Raj helps her board at the last minute, pulling her off the platform and into a compartment.

Rather than be thankful, Simran ignores Raj until she reunites with her friends aboard the train. Their groups cross paths multiple times in Europe, until both Raj and Simran miss their connecting train to Zurich. Forced to travel together to catch up with their groups, they learn about each other's lives. Raj is a rover and does not see himself settling down, while Simran is betrothed to Kuljeet from her hometown, Punjab, despite never having met him. Their match was arranged by Baldev and Kuljeet's father, while Simran was still a child. Nevertheless, Simran falls in love with Raj by the end of the trip. Raj feels similarly, so refuses Simran's invitation to her wedding.

A few weeks later, Simran's family is in Punjab to prepare for the wedding. Simran is repulsed by Kuljeet's misogyny and chauvinism, but plays along for the sake of her parents. One day, Kuljeet brings home his new friend, Raj, recently moved from London. Kuljeet is unaware that Raj is here to take his 'bride' (lit. dulhania) Simran, not by eloping but by winning over her family. He goes about impressing everyone in the house with his warm and playful nature. Baldev recognises Raj from a previous meeting in London at his store, but says nothing.

The wedding date is moved up on the wishes of Simran's dying grandmother. Raj stubbornly refuses to elope, despite Simran's own mother being in favour of it after learning the truth. The next morning, Baldev discovers their secret. Enraged that Raj is here to interfere with the wedding, Baldev has him thrown out. Kuljeet shows up at the train station seeking revenge for Raj betraying him. A fight ensues, and Raj gains the upper hand. He spares Kuljeet's life, then boards the train departing from the village. Simran begs Baldev to let her go with Raj; finally, he relents, realising that Simran will not be happy with Kuljeet.

As with their first meeting, Simran almost misses the train, which is about to leave the station. Raj pulls Simran aboard at the last minute, and they rejoice finally being together. As end credits roll, they are shown living happily as a couple in London.

Cast

• Shahrukh Khan as Raj Malhotra
• Kajol as Simran "Simi" Singh
• Amrish Puri as Chaudhary Baldev Singh (Referred to as "Bauji" throughout the film), Simran and Rajeshwari's father.
• Farida Jalal as Lajwanti "Lajjo" Singh, Simran and Rajeshwari's mother.
• Satish Shah as Ajit Singh, Baldev Singh's friend.
• Achala Sachdev as Simran's grandmother
• Himani Shivpuri as Kammo Kaur, Simran's paternal aunt.
• Anupam Kher as Dharamvir "Pops" Malhotra, Raj's father.
• Parmeet Sethi as Kuljeet Singh, Ajit's son, Simran's fiancee.
• Mandira Bedi as Preeti Singh, Kuljeet's sister, Ajit's daughter.
• Pooja Ruparel as Rajeshwari "Chutki" Singh, Simran's sister.
• Anaita Shroff Adajania as Sheena, Simran's best friend.
• Lalit Tiwari as Simran's uncle
• Karan Johar as Ponchi, Raj's friend
• Arjun Sablok as Rocky, Raj's friend

Production

Development

After assisting his father, director and producer Yash Chopra, during the making of Chandni (1989), Lamhe (1991) and Darr (1993), As they were discussing ideas for the script, Aditya conceived the notion that Raj would seek permission for marriage from Simran's stern father, rather than eloping with her. He then became excited about the possibility of directing the film himself. After his mother, the playback singer Pamela Chopra, agreed that the idea was sound, he decided to make this his directorial debut. Aditya wanted to make a wholesome film that people could watch repeatedly. He wanted to diverge from the typical plot line of the time, in which lovers run away when their parents object, and show that if their love was strong enough, the parents would eventually understand.

In May 1994, Aditya read the first draft of the script to several members of the Yash Raj Films production team assigned to work with him, including a cinematographer, an art director, and a dialogue writer. They were not impressed, but Aditya held fast to his ideas. He was given total editorial control by his father, the producer, and made the film according to his own tastes and sensibilities. He did not shoot a single frame, and did not even view some portions of the film until it was nearly completed.

Casting

Aditya originally wanted the film to be about a relationship between an Indian and an American. He wanted to cast Tom Cruise as the male lead but was dissuaded by Yash, who did not want to use a foreign star. They decided their characters would be non-resident Indians (NRIs). Aditya approached Shah Rukh Khan to play the role of Raj. Shah Rukh was initially not interested due to the romantic nature of the role, having had success playing villainous roles. Aditya approached Saif Ali Khan because he was having problems persuading Shah Rukh. as did Aamir Khan, causing Aditya to continue pursuing Shah Rukh.{{efn|Other sources claim that Saif was approached for the role before Shah Rukh, so this point is not entirely clear. Shah Rukh said that fellow actor Salman Khan also encouraged him to do the role, saying that he thought the film would be very successful. Shah Rukh has also noted the similarities in the film's script to his own relationship with Gauri Khan before their marriage.

Kajol was the first choice to play Simran, to which she quickly agreed. She and Shah Rukh had previously worked together in the successful films Baazigar (1993) and Karan Arjun (1995). Aditya chose the name Raj for the character, and the mandolin that he played, based on his admiration for the actor Raj Kapoor. After a successful screen test, Parmeet Sethi was chosen over Armaan Kohli and Milind Gunaji for the role of Kuljeet Singh. In addition to his assistant director Sameer Sharma, Aditya asked for two additional assistants, his younger brother Uday Chopra along with cousin Karan Johar. Johar also played a small role in the film as Raj's friend. Sharmishta Roy was the film's art director and Manish Malhotra was the costume designer. While Malhotra had many new ideas, Aditya wanted to keep the clothing style simple; he did not want it to distract from the story. Despite this, Malhotra was responsible for the idea of Simran wearing a green dress in the song "Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna", an unusual colour for a Punjabi bride.

Filming

Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge was filmed in several 5, 10, and 20-day schedules between September1994 and August1995. The first sequence filmed was for the song "Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko" with Kajol and Shah Rukh in Switzerland. The European journey scenes and songs were mainly filmed in Saanen, Montbovon and Gstaad, Switzerland. Cinematographer Manmohan Singh, a regular collaborator with Chopra, shot the song "Tujhe Dekha To", including the iconic mustard fields scenes with Shah Rukh and Kajol in the mustard fields in Gurgaon on the outskirts of the National Capital Region Delhi. The cast faced difficulties while filming the final scene, which shows Simran running to catch the train on which Raj is travelling. The smouldering heat made it difficult to shoot and each time there was a retake, the train took 20 minutes to return.

Saroj Khan was the choreographer throughout most of the production, but after several disputes between her and Aditya, she was replaced by Farah Khan near the end of the shoot. After the film's eventual success, Saroj apologised to Aditya for underestimating him, but she never worked with him again. Farah choreographed the song "Ruk Ja O Dil Deewane", during which Aditya did not tell Kajol that Shah Rukh was going to drop her, as he wanted to capture her genuine reaction. The film's title was suggested by actress Kirron Kher; it came from the song "Le Jayenge Le Jayenge", in the film Chor Machaye Shor (1974). Raj sings parts of this song during the story, and it recurs at the end. Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge is believed to be the first Bollywood film with a "Title suggested by" credit. The film has since become universally known by the acronym DDLJ.

Towards the end of the principal photography, Shah Rukh had to split his time between this film and Trimurti (1995), spending half of his day on each film. In early August1995, when filming on Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge was not yet finished, a release date in October around the time of the Diwali festival was decided upon. Composers Jatin and Lalit Pandit were given only 10 days to complete the background score, and the first copies were printed on 30 September. After filming was complete, Aditya decided to make a Hollywood-style documentary of the film-making process, which had not been done before in India. Karan Johar and Uday were put in charge because they had already been recording some of the processes. On 18 October, two days before the film's release, the 30-minute special Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, The Making was broadcast on television by Doordarshan.

Themes

Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge repeats the usual conservative agenda of family, courtship and marriage, but it proposes that Indian family values are portable assets that can be upheld regardless of country of residence. To prove this, Raj, an NRI who was brought up in London, is portrayed as the story's "good guy", whereas Kuljeet, raised in India, is portrayed as the villain. This is a reversal of the roles in typical Indian films, which usually portray Indians as being morally superior to Westerners. Here, NRIs are validated as potential model Indian citizens.

The story aims to capture the struggle between traditional family values and the modern value of individualism. Although Raj and Simran want to be together regardless of her father's plans for her, Raj tries to win over his girlfriend's father rather than simply eloping with her. In this and other Indian stories, family values are ultimately considered more important than the romantic plot. Moral values and rules of conduct take precedence over individual desires. The film implies that "Indianness" can be defined by the importance of family life; whether at home or abroad, it is the Indian family system that is recognised as the social institution that most defines Indian identity.

In Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, the purity/sanctity of women is being related to that of the nation. In the scene after Raj and Simran spend the night together, and Simran is concerned that something happened, Raj tells her: "You think I am beyond values, but I am a Hindustani, and I know what a Hindustani girl's izzat (honour) is worth. Trust me, nothing happened last night." This speaks to the Indian diaspora and their need to try and sustain their value system, and the man's responsibility to protect the Indian woman's sexual purity. In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films, Ranjani Mazumdar says the film has a running theme of unfulfilled desires, which is exemplified by Raj's father telling him to enjoy life because his own was a struggle, and Simran's mother telling her to run away with Raj because she was unable to live her own dreams.

Scott Jordan Harris, writing for Roger Ebert's website, says the film's popularity lies in its ability to effectively convey two opposing themes appealing to different portions of society. He said, "It argues that we should follow our hearts and chase happiness wherever it leads, regardless of the obstacles in our paths, while simultaneously suggesting we should respect the ways of our elders, particularly our parents, and do nothing that challenges their will". Rachel Dwyer said the film was important for presenting marriage as an understanding between parents and children. While fighting the old tradition of the arranged marriage, it still encouraged the importance of seeking parental consent, even for a love marriage. According to Patricia Uberoi, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge reiterates the theme of Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994) in a self-conscious manner while also linking it explicitly to the fact that the protagonists tend to remind themselves and each other of what it means to be an Indian.

Sandra Ponzanesi has noted the thematic similarities with The Sure Thing (1985), as the movie follows a college student who embarks on a cross-country trip in hopes of a casual romantic encounter, but ends up traveling with a young woman. Initially at odds, the two gradually fall in love. She also highlighted that, while the basic storyline resembles that of Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, the cultural context and details differ significantly.

Music

Main article: Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (soundtrack)

The Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge soundtrack features seven songs composed by Jatin–Lalit, a duo consisting of the brothers Jatin and Lalit Pandit. Anand Bakshi wrote the lyrics and Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Kumar Sanu, Abhijeet Bhattacharya and Udit Narayan performed the vocals. Jatin–Lalit was considered for the job when singer Asha Bhosle contacted Yash Chopra after meeting the duo. It was their first collaboration with Yash Raj Films. They secured the job after singing "Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna" for Yash. In return, they ensured she sang one song, "Zara Sa Jhoom Loon Main". Pamela Chopra helped them select tunes and instruments to give some of the songs a Punjabi flavour.

The soundtrack became the best-selling Bollywood soundtracks with sales ranging from 25million to over 100million. In 2005, the album was judged the top Hindi soundtrack of all time by voters on the BBC Asian Network website. The wedding song "Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna" from the film became an all-time hit; it is played at weddings across the South Asian diaspora.

Track listing

Release

Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge opened on 20 October 1995 to sold-out shows worldwide. Every show in every theatre in Mumbai—save one—was completely full for the first week. The film was popular among both resident Indians and NRIs. At San Francisco's 720-seat Naz theatre, 1,000 people arrived for the first showing, and the theatre staff were forced to run another show late that night. In the UK, the film ran for over a year. Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge has been shown daily since its release on 20 October 1995 at Maratha Mandir in Mumbai as of January 2026.

Reception

Box office

The film opened with over grossed in its first month of release. The film's initial Hindi run earned 1.13 billion (valued at about US$35,000,000 in 1995) in India and about 200 million (valued at about US$6,200,000 in 1995) overseas; it became the highest-grossing Indian film of the year,

Adjusted for inflation, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge is among the highest-grossing Hindi films ever; its domestic net income (533 million at the time) is approximately () when adjusted for inflation in 2017. As of 2009, the film had generated over in revenues for the Maratha Mandir since its release. In later years, that theatre ran one matinee show per day at reduced ticket prices, which averaged about 50% occupancy.

Critical reception

Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge received many favourable reviews. When the film toured the US in 2004 as part of the Cinema India showcase, "The Changing Face of Indian Cinema", Charles Taylor reviewed the film for Salon and said, "It's a flawed, contradictory movie—aggressive and tender, stiff and graceful, clichéd and fresh, sophisticated and naive, traditional and modern. It's also, I think, a classic."

Writing for NDTV, Anupama Chopra said, "Perhaps the innocence of Raj and Simran's romance in which they can spend the night together without sex because Raj, the bratish [sic] NRI understands the importance of an Indian woman's honor. Perhaps it's the way in which the film artfully reaffirms the patriarchal status quo and works for all constituencies—the NRI and the local viewer. Or perhaps it's the magic of Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol who created a template for modern love, which was hip and cool but resolutely Indian." She also called the film a milestone that shaped Hindi cinema through the 1990s, and one of her personal favourites.

Raja Sen gave a reflective review for Rediff.com in 2005, calling the film one of the best Hindi films made in the previous 20 years. He said "Shah Rukh Khan gives a fabulous performance, redefining the Lover for the 1990s with great panache", and called Kajol a "real-as-life actress bringing warmth and credulity" to her role. Sen called the film well balanced and said only the fight scene and some mother-daughter dialogue can wear after multiple viewings. Omer M. Mozaffar, writing for RogerEbert.com in 2012, likened the film to a Disney Princess story, saying, "the young princess feeling trapped by the traditional patriarchy, seeking freedom through discovering the world, but finally finding it through silent, but inappropriate love. The Little Mermaid. Beauty (of the Beast). Jasmine (friends with Aladdin). Pocahontas. Aurora (Sleeping Beauty). And here, Simran." Scott Jordan Harris, also writing for RogerEbert.com in 2014, called it "one of the world's favorite films", and said it plays as a masterful soap opera, with one of the best screen couples ever seen.

Accolades

Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge was ranked among The Times of Indias list of the "10 Bollywood movies you must see before you die". It was one of three Hindi films in the film reference book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die, the others being Mother India (1957) and Deewaar (1975). It was placed twelfth on the British Film Institute's list of top Indian films of all time. It is one of the films on Box Office India's list of "Biggest Blockbusters Ever in Hindi Cinema". The film won a National Film Award and 10 Filmfare Awards, setting the record at the time for the most Filmfare trophies.

Legacy

Historic box office run

In 2001, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge overtook Sholay (1975), which had run for over five years at the Minerva theatre, as the longest-running film in Indian cinema history. It has been showing at the Maratha Mandir theatre (which was famous for having shown Mughal-e-Azam (1960) for three years) since its original release in 1995. There are often people in the audience who have seen the film 50 or more times, but still clap, cheer, mouth the dialogues and sing along with the songs,

When a theatre strike in early 2011 threatened the film's uninterrupted run, the producer Yash Chopra contacted theatre owners to try and ensure the film would continue. He hoped the film would continue to run for at least 1,000 weeks, which it achieved in December2014. To commemorate the event, cast members including Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol, Anupam Kher, Farida Jalal, Mandira Bedi and Pooja Ruparel appeared on the television show Comedy Nights with Kapil. Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol and director Aditya Chopra also attended a live chat with fans and a black tie event at the theatre on 12 December. The same day, they launched a coffee table book written by Aditya Chopra about the making of the film. Also in December, Yash Raj Films announced the availability of a collection of commemorative, licensed merchandise from various suppliers to mark the event.

The Maratha Mandir's management ended the film's run after 1,009 weeks on 19 February2015 because of low attendance (the last show was viewed by 210 people). However, after an outpouring of support from fans, and talks with the production company, they decided to reinstate the film. By March 16, 2020, it had been shown for 1,251 weeks (24 years), and the film continued to be screened as of 2023. The projectionist, who has been working at the Mandir for 46 years, has watched the film more than 9,000 times. The COVID-19 lockdown in India caused the theater to close for eight months; upon its re-opening in November 2020, screening of the film resumed.

Influence

Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge spawned many imitators of its story and style, especially throughout the 1990s. According to the Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema, it and a handful of other films and young directors started a trend for "designer" films. The authors said that these were "a carefully packaged and branded product in which every little visual and physical detail ... is of utmost importance". In Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema, Namrata Joshi said Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge "reinvented Bollywood romances so decisively that we can neatly divide them into two eras—before DDLJ and after DDLJ".

Yash Raj Films was previously known for using locations outside India for item numbers in its films. Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge started the trend for films designed to appeal to the Indian diaspora, which have foreign locations as integral parts of the story. The characters are themselves diaspora and tend to be able to move with ease between India and the West. Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge became the first Hindi film blockbuster to feature NRIs as main characters. It helped to establish the diaspora market as a vital source of revenue for the industry; that market was seen as a safer financial investment than the desi market.

Several later films have paid homage to Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge. The Karan Johar-produced Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (2014) was directly inspired by it. The films Bangaram (2006), Jab We Met (2007), Bodyguard (2011), Chalo Dilli (2011), Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani (2013) and Chennai Express (2013) include scenes similar to the climactic train sequence, wherein a woman is running to catch a moving train and is helped aboard by a man with his outstretched arm. The British film Slumdog Millionaire (2008) contained a similar train scene, and its final dance sequence was partially shot at the same railway station as the Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge finale.

In October 2021, Aditya announced that he would be directing a Broadway musical entitled Come Fall In Love – The DDLJ Musical, based on the film. It will debut in the Broadway season of 2022–2023.

Impact

Audiences appreciated the screen chemistry between Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol, Sogosurvey conducted an online survey in 2016 in which approximately 47% of the people who participated voted Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge as Bollywood's most evergreen love story. Shah Rukh Khan credits this film with making him a star, During an interview in 2002, he said "Whatever I'll stand for as an actor, in the whole of my career, whenever it ends, it will start with and end at Dilwale". The actress Farida Jalal said the film gave her career a boost, saying she got many offers and "could quote any price". It also helped the young careers of Pooja Ruparel, who received advertising offers, and of Sharmistha Roy.

The British Film Institute (BFI) commissioned a book about Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge. It was the first Hindi film chosen for a series of studies on international films, called "BFI Modern Classics". The author was Anupama Chopra and the book was released in 2002. It was reissued in paperback by Harper-Collins as Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge: The Making of a Blockbuster in 2004. After an unexpectedly long delay, the film was released on DVD by Yash Raj Films in 2002. The release included The Making and 300 Weeks Celebration documentaries, Success Story (highlights from the film's premiere), clips from the 41st Filmfare Awards ceremony and other interviews.

In 2006, members of the film crew were honoured at a dinner event to celebrate the film's 500th week since release. It was hosted by the Consulate General of Switzerland in Mumbai and by Switzerland Tourism. In 2010, Yash Raj Films signed an agreement with Indian and Swiss tour companies to provide a tour package called "YRF Enchanted Journey", to allow visitors to Switzerland to view filming locations used for famous Yash Raj films including Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge. In 2014, Yash Raj Films released Aditya Chopra Relives ... Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (As Told to Nasreen Munni Kabir), an attractive but expensive book about the making of the film. In response to Indian prime minister Narendra Modi quoting the line "May the force be with you" from the American film franchise Star Wars during a visit to the United States, the then US President Barack Obama decided to quote a line from a Hindi film during his visit to India in January2015. He chose a line from this film, "Senorita, bade bade deshon mein ..." (Miss, in large countries ...), and added "you know what I mean". In February 2020, the then US President Donald Trump mentioned Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge as a classic Indian film during his visit to India. In the same month, the Australian actor Chris Hemsworth recited the complete dialogue "Bade bade deshon mein aisi chhoti chhoti baatein hoti rehti hai" (Small things like this happen in big countries), and said that he is a fan of the film.

Re-release

The film was re-released in theaters on 10 February 2023, earning ₹10 lakh on its opening day and grossing over ₹22.50 lakh in its first weekend.

Notes

References

Bibliography

• {{cite book | author-link1 = Saibal Chatterjee | title-link = Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema | editor-last = Ramchandani | editor-first = Indu
• {{cite book | author-link1 = Anupama Chopra | title-link = Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (book)
• {{cite book | editor1-last = Eckstein | editor1-first = Lars | editor2-last = Korte | editor2-first = Barbara | editor3-last = Pirker | editor3-first = Eva Ulrike | display-editors = 3 | editor4-last = Reinfandt | editor4-first = Christoph | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JfP4L5UpNsoC
• {{cite book | author-link1 = Rachel Dwyer
• {{cite book | author-link1 = Tejaswini Ganti | access-date = 12 July 2016 | archive-date = 10 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230410061604/https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC | url-status = live
• {{cite book | author-link = Namrata Joshi | editor1-last = Patel | editor1-first = Bhaichand | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA253 | access-date = 12 July 2016 | archive-date = 18 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230418165253/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA253 | url-status = live
• {{cite book | editor1-last = Barrow | editor1-first = Sarah | editor2-last = Haenni | editor2-first = Sabine | editor3-last = White | editor3-first = John | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ekCDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205
• {{cite book | editor1-last = Mehta | editor1-first = Rini Bhattacharya | editor2-last = Pandharipande | editor2-first = Rajeshwari V. | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kGIuatpm-8gC | access-date = 12 July 2016 | archive-date = 26 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230726091018/https://books.google.com/books?id=kGIuatpm-8gC | url-status = live
• {{cite journal | access-date = 9 May 2012 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112818/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~aswinp/K3G_IJCS_June05.pdf | url-status = dead
• {{cite book | editor-last = Ramchandani | editor-first = Indu | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC | access-date = 12 July 2016 | archive-date = 11 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230111081518/https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC | url-status = live
• {{cite book |editor1-last = Roy |editor1-first = Anjali Gera |editor2-last = Chua |editor2-first = Beng Huat |editor2-link = Chua Beng Huat |orig-year = 2011 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WImEZwEACAAJ
• {{cite book | editor1-last = Kavoori | editor1-first = Anandam P. | editor2-last = Punathambekar | editor2-first = Aswin | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqERCzWn5gC | access-date = 12 July 2016 | archive-date = 26 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230726091019/https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqERCzWn5gC | url-status = live
• {{cite journal | access-date = 30 April 2021 | archive-date = 9 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200209065813/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/295c/2503d2e3dea7deca50c2517995d0146470dd.pdf | url-status = live
• {{cite book | url-access = registration

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