Differential analyser

History

Research on solutions for differential equations using mechanical devices, discounting planimeters, started at least as early as 1836, when the French physicist Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis designed a mechanical device to integrate differential equations of the first order.

The first description of a device which could integrate differential equations of any order was published in 1876 by James Thomson, who was born in Belfast in 1822, but lived in Scotland from the age of 10. Though Thomson called his device an "integrating machine", it is his description of the device, together with the additional publication in 1876 of two further descriptions by his younger brother, Lord Kelvin, which represents the invention of the differential analyser.{{Cite journal | author-link = Douglas Hartree

One of the earliest practical uses of Thomson's concepts was a tide-predicting machine built by Kelvin starting in 1872–3. On Lord Kelvin's advice, Thomson's integrating machine was later incorporated into a fire-control system for naval gunnery being developed by Arthur Pollen, resulting in an electrically driven, mechanical analogue computer, which was completed by about 1912. Italian mathematician Ernesto Pascal also developed integraphs for the mechanical integration of differential equations and published details in 1914.

However, the first widely practical general-purpose differential analyser was constructed by Harold Locke Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT, 1928–1931, comprising six mechanical integrators.{{Cite journal | author-link = Vannevar Bush

Douglas Hartree of Manchester University brought Bush's design to England, where he constructed his first "proof of concept" model with his student, Arthur Porter, during 1934. As a result of this, the university acquired a full-scale machine incorporating four mechanical integrators in March 1935, which was built by Metropolitan-Vickers, and was, according to Hartree, "[the] first machine of its kind in operation outside the United States".Robinson, Tim (June 2005), op. cit., Hartree, D.R. (September 1940), op. cit. Hartree and Porter wrote about the model in their paper {{Cite journal

In Norway, the locally built Oslo Analyser was finished during 1938, based on the same principles as the MIT machine. This machine had 12 integrators, and was the largest analyser built for a period of four years.

In the United States, further differential analysers were built at the Ballistic Research Laboratory in Maryland and in the basement of the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania during the early 1940s. The latter was used extensively in the computation of artillery firing tables prior to the invention of the ENIAC, which, in many ways, was modelled on the differential analyser. Also in the early 1940s, with Samuel H. Caldwell, one of the initial contributors during the early 1930s, Bush attempted an electrical, rather than mechanical, variation, but the digital computer built elsewhere had much greater promise and the project ceased. In 1947, UCLA installed a differential analyser built for them by General Electric at a cost of $125,000. By 1950, this machine had been joined by three more. The UCLA differential analyser appeared in 1950's Destination Moon, and the same footage in 1951's When Worlds Collide, where it was called "DA". A different shot appears in 1956's Earth vs. the Flying Saucers.

At Osaka Imperial University (present-day Osaka University) around 1944, a complete differential analyser machine was developed (illustrated) to calculate the movement of an object and other problems with mechanical components, and then draws graphs on paper with a pen. It was later transferred to the Tokyo University of Science and has been displayed at the school's Museum of Science in Shinjuku Ward. Restored in 2014, it is one of only two still operational differential analysers produced before the end of World War II.{{citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051419/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sci_tech/technology/AJ201412020060 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead

In Canada, a differential analyser was constructed at the University of Toronto in 1948 by Beatrice Helen Worsley, but it appears to have had little or no use.

A differential analyser may have been used in the development of the bouncing bomb, used to attack German hydroelectric dams during World War II. Differential analysers have also been used in the calculation of soil erosion by river control authorities.

The differential analyser was eventually rendered obsolete by electronic analogue computers and, later, digital computers.

Use of Meccano

The model differential analyser built at Manchester University in 1934 by Douglas Hartree and Arthur Porter made extensive use of Meccano parts: this meant that the machine was less costly to build, and it proved "accurate enough for the solution of many scientific problems". A similar machine built by J.B. Bratt at Cambridge University in 1935 is now in the Museum of Transport and Technology (MOTAT) collection in Auckland, New Zealand. A memorandum written for the British military's Armament Research Department in 1944 describes how this machine had been modified during World War II for improved reliability and enhanced capability, and identifies its wartime applications as including research on the flow of heat, explosive detonations, and simulations of transmission lines.Cairns, W. J., Crank, J., & Lloyd, E. C. Some Improvements in the Construction of a Small Scale Differential Analyser and a Review of Recent Applications, Armament Research Department Theoretical Research Memo. No. 27/44, 1944 (see ). The memorandum is now in The National Archives, UK:

It has been estimated, by Garry Tee that "about 15 Meccano model Differential Analysers were built for serious work by scientists and researchers around the world".

Notes

Bibliography

• Worsley, Beatrice Helen (1947). A mathematical survey of computing devices with an appendix on an error analysis of differential analyzers (Master's Thesis, MIT).
• Crank, J. (1947). The Differential Analyser, London: Longmans, Green (this is the only book that describes how to set up and operate a mechanical differential analyser).
• MacNee, A.B. (1948). An electronic differential analyzer (RLE, Technical Report 90, MIT. Note that this paper describes a very early electronic analogue computer, not a mechanical differential analyser: it is included because the author clearly felt that the only way to introduce such an innovation was to describe it as an "electronic differential analyser").

References

1. Irwin, William. (July 2009). "The Differential Analyser Explained". Auckland Meccano Guild.
2. Coriolis, Gaspard-Gustave. (1836). "Note sur un moyen de tracer des courbes données par des équations différentielles". [[Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées]].
3. Thomson, James. (1876). "An Integrating Machine having a new Kinematic Principle". Cambridge University Press.
4. Pollen, Anthony. (1980). "The Great Gunnery Scandal – The Mystery of Jutland". Collins.
5. Pascal, Ernesto. (1914). "Miei Integrafi per Equazioni Differenziali". B. Pellerano.
6. Karl L. Wildes and Nilo A. Lindgren, ''A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982'' (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1985), [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZX-GwvhcnkC&pg=PA90 pages 90-92].
7. link. (2018-08-07 (filed: 8 January 1926; issued: 25 March 1930); '''(3)''' "Synchronous amplifying control mechanism", [http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01751652&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D1,751,652.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F1,751,652%2526RS%3DPN%2F1,751,652&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page U.S. patent no. 1,751,652] {{Webarchive). link. (2014-06-28 (filed: 8 January 1926; issued: 25 March 1930).)
8. Gleick, James. (2011). "The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood (ebook)". Patheon.
9. Robinson, Tim. (2005-12-07). "Other Differential Analyzers". Tim Robinson's Meccano Computing Machinery web site.
10. Holst, P.A.. (Oct–Dec 1996). "Svein Rosseland and the Oslo analyzer". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.
11. [[Brian Randell
12. Bunch, B. & Hellemans, A., ''The History of Science and Technology: A Browser's Guide to the Great Discoveries, Inventions, and the People who Made Them, from the Dawn of Time to Today'' (2004), New York: Houghton Mifflin, p. 535. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MlQ7NK9dw7IC&dq=eniac+modeled+on+bush+differential+analyzer&pg=PA535 Google Books]. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
13. (Oct 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush". IEEE Computer Society.
14. (1978-01-09). "UCLA's Bush Analyzer Retires to Smithsonian".
15. "The Thinking Machine". UCLA Engineering.
16. Campbell, Scott M.. (October–December 2003). "Beatrice Helen Worsley: Canada's Female Computer Pioneer". IEEE Computer Society.
17. Irwin, William (2009-07). ''Op. cit.'' "It is rumoured that a differential analyser was used in the development of the "bouncing bomb" by Barnes Wallis for the "Dam Busters" attack on the Ruhr valley hydroelectric dams in WW2. This was first mentioned in [[Museum of Transport and Technology. MOTAT]] [New Zealand] literature in 1973. However after extensive enquiries and literature searches over the last few years, no evidence can be found that the [[http://www.nzmuseums.co.nz/account/3031/object/955 differential analyser held by MOTAT] {{Webarchive. link. (2018-02-26 , nor any other differential analyser, was used for this purpose. Considering the secrecy surrounding war time activities at the time it could still be possible, but most people from that era are now deceased. Two remaining personalities still alive from that era were consulted, namely Arthur Porter and [[Maurice Wilkes]], but neither could substantiate the rumour.")
18. Hally, Mike. (2005). "Electronic Brains: Stories from the Dawn of the Computer Age". Granta.
19. "Differential Analyser". Auckland Meccano Guild.
20. "Computing History Displays: The Displays". University of Auckland.