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Dental consonant

Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth

Summary

Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth

FieldValue
aboveDental
ipa symbol◌̪
ipa symbol2◌͆
ipa number408
decimal810

A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as , . In some languages, dentals are distinguished from other groups, such as alveolar consonants, in which the tongue contacts the gum ridge. Dental consonants share acoustic similarity and in the Latin script are generally written with consistent symbols (e.g. t, d, n).

NotationIn the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for dental consonant is . When there is no room under the letter, it may be placed above, using the character , such as in . However, this has a different meaning in the Extensions to the IPA.

Cross-linguistically

In languages, such as Albanian, Irish and Russian, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants. Thus, velarized consonants, such as Albanian , tend to be dental or denti-alveolar, and non-velarized consonants tend to be retracted to an alveolar position.

Sanskrit, Hindustani and all other Indo-Aryan languages have an entire set of dental stops that occur phonemically as voiced and voiceless and with or without aspiration. The nasal also exists but is quite alveolar and apical in articulation. To native speakers, the English alveolar and sound more like the corresponding retroflex consonants of their languages than like dentals.

Spanish and are denti-alveolar, while and are prototypically alveolar but assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant. Likewise, Italian , , , are denti-alveolar (, , , and respectively) and and become denti-alveolar before a following dental consonant.

Although denti-alveolar consonants are often described as dental, it is the point of contact farthest to the back that is most relevant, defines the maximum acoustic space of resonance and gives a characteristic sound to a consonant. In French, the contact that is farthest back is alveolar or sometimes slightly pre-alveolar.

Occurrence

Dental/denti-alveolar consonants as transcribed by the International Phonetic Alphabet include:

IPADescriptionExampleLanguageOrthographyIPAMeaning
dental nasalRussianбанк / bank'bank'
voiceless dental plosiveFinnishtutti'pacifier'
voiced dental plosiveArabicدين / din'religion'
voiceless dental sibilant fricativePolishkosa'scythe'
voiced dental sibilant fricativePolishkoza'goat'
voiceless dental nonsibilant fricative
(also often called "interdental")Englishthing
voiced dental nonsibilant fricative
(also often called "interdental")Englishthis
dental approximantSpanishcodo'elbow'
dental lateral approximantSpanishalto'tall'
dental ejectiveDahalo'hair'
voiced dental implosiveSindhiڏسڻي'forefinger'
dental clicks (many different consonants)Xhosaukúcola'to grind fine'

References

Sources

  • {{citation |doi-access= free
  • {{citation
  • {{citation |doi-access= free
  • {{citation |author-link = Real Academia Española |author2-link = Association of Spanish Language Academies

References

  1. {{Harvcoltxt. Recasens. Espinosa. 2005
  2. {{Harvcoltxt. Martínez-Celdrán. Fernández-Planas. Carrera-Sabaté. 2003
  3. {{Harvcoltxt. Rogers. d'Arcangeli. 2004
  4. {{Harvcoltxt. Real Academia Española. 2011
  5. {{harvcoltxt. Ladefoged. Maddieson. 1996. (August 2018)
Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

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