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Demonym

Name for a resident of a particular geographical area

Name for a resident of a particular geographical area

A demonym (; ) or 'gentilic' () is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place. Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, state, country, and continent). Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino, for someone from the city of Cochabamba; Tunisian for a person from Tunisia; and Swahili, for a person of the Swahili coast.

Many demonyms function both endonymically and exonymically (used by the referents themselves or by outsiders); others function only in one of those ways.

As a sub-field of anthroponymy, the study of demonyms is called demonymy or demonymics.

Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are semantically different from ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups). In the English language, there are many polysemic words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethnonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word Thai may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of Thailand, while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Briton or, informally, a Brit.

Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym Macedonians may refer to the population of North Macedonia, or more generally to the entire population of the region of Macedonia, or to the Greek people of the Greek region of Macedonia. In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, Québécois, Québécoise (female) is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of Quebec (though Quebecer, Quebecker are also available).

In English, demonyms are always capitalized.

Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. However, they are not necessarily the same, as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton.

English commonly uses national demonyms such as Brazilian or Algerian, while the usage of local demonyms such as Chicagoan, Okie or Parisian is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.

Etymology

National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a work from 1990. The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the Chicago Manual of Style. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals) Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon (1988), which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after demonymic, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines, as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.

Suffixation

Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language. The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble Late Latin, Semitic, Celtic, or Germanic suffixes, such as -(a)n, -ian, -anian, -nian, -in(e), -a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, -i(ñ/n)o/a, -ite, -(e)r, -(i)sh, -ene, -ensian, -ard, -ese, -nese, -lese, -i(e), -i(ya), -iot, -iote, -k, -asque, -(we)gian, -onian, -vian, -ois(e), or -ais(e).

Prefixation

It is much rarer to find demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, Kiluba or Tshiluba. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for Fiji). On a country level:

  • Botswana → Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
  • Burundi → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
  • Eswatini → Liswati (singular), Emaswati (plural)
  • Lesotho → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)

Non-standard examples

Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as "Burqueño" and the feminine "Burqueña" of Albuquerque, or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the state university system, take for example the sooner of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma Sooners.

Ethnonyms

Main article: Ethnonyms

Since names of places, regions and countries (toponyms) are morphologically often related to names of ethnic groups (ethnonyms), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical, forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).

Fiction

Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include Martian for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell), Gondorian for the people of Tolkien's fictional land of Gondor, and Atlantean for Plato's island Atlantis.

Other science fiction examples include Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons and Venusian for those of Venus. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as Earthling (from the diminutive -ling, ultimately from Old English -ing meaning "descendant"), as well as Terran, Terrene, Tellurian, Earther, Earthican, Terrestrial, and Solarian (from Sol, the sun).

Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians, from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver's Travels.

In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been constructed, non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's Rohirrim (from Rohan), the Star Trek franchise's Klingons (with various names for their homeworld), and the Sangheili from the Halo franchise, (also known as Elites in the game by humans, as well as players) named after their homeworld of Sanghelios.

Notes

References

Sources

References

  1. "Definition of GENTILIC".
  2. Scheetz, George H.. (1988). "Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon". Schütz Verlag.
  3. "Gramática Inglesa. Adjetivos Gentilicios". mansioningles.com.
  4. Costa, Daniel. "demonym".
  5. "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com.
  6. "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com.
  7. "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com.
  8. (February 1990). "Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name?". National Geographic Society (U.S.).
  9. William Safire. (1997-12-14). "On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998". [[The New York Times]].
  10. ''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). {{ISBN. 978-0-8160-1983-0.
  11. "Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford University Press.
  12. (1912). "Aristotle's ''Constitution of Athens'', edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive".
  13. (2007). "The Associated Press Stylebook: and Briefing on Media Law". Basic Books.
  14. (18 November 2014). "What makes a Coventrian ? New online tool will tell you".
  15. {{Cite Merriam-Webster. Savannahian
  16. (10 October 2014). "Investing in Future Quiet, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites".
  17. (24 March 2008). "Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log". Yale Press Log.
  18. Erskine, Rosalind. (18 September 2019). "Baffie to Weegie: 18 Scottish words that are now in the dictionary - and their meaning". [[The Scotsman]].
  19. "Corkonian". Merriam-Webster.
  20. "North West Evening Mail". nwemail.co.uk.
  21. City of Waterloo. (October 30, 2013). "Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest".
  22. White, Juliet. (July 16, 2020). "18 Words You'll Only Understand If You're From New Mexico".
  23. Oklahoma, University of. (May 20, 2013). "What is a Sooner?".
  24. Mettler, Katie. (January 13, 2017). "'Hoosier' is now the official name for Indiana folk. But what does it even mean?". The Washington Post.
  25. {{Cite Merriam-Webster. Angeleno
  26. "Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35". malegislature.gov.
  27. Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included ''Massachusett'', borrowed from the native [[Massachusett]] tribe, ''Massachusite'', championed by the early English [[Boston Brahmin. Brahmins]], ''Massachusettsian'', by analogy with other state demonyms, and ''Masshole'', originally derogatory.
  28. "Why are natives of the Isle of Wight known as 'caulkheads'?". The Guardian.
  29. "Mexicanos sinónimos, mexicanos antónimos". SinonimosGratis.com.
  30. (2013-05-16). "Slang: What Aussies call other Aussies". [[Australian Geographic]].
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