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Demographics of Hong Kong

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Demographics of Hong Kong
Summary

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FieldValue
placeHong Kong
imageFile:Hong Kong Population Pyramid.svg
image_size350
captionPopulation pyramid of Hong Kong in 2020
size_of_population7,503,100 (2024 est.)
nationChinese
major_ethnicCantonese people
officialCantonese (85.4%), English (4.5%), Mandarin (2.2%), other Chinese dialects 2.8%, other 2%, persons under 5 or mute 3.2% (2021 est.)
age_0–14_years13.2% (male 505,718/female 459,956)
age_15–64_years64.8% (male 2,123,216/female 2,609,102)
age_65_years21.9% (male 738,878/female 860,951) (2024 est.)
growth0.12% (2024 est.)
birth7.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
death8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
net_migration1.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
sr_at_birth1.06 male(s)/female
sr_under_151.1 male(s)/female
sr_65_years_over0.86 male(s)/female
total_mf_ratio0.86 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
infant_mortality2.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
life84 years
life_male81.3 years
life_female86.8 years (2024 est.)
fertility1.24 children born/woman (2024 est.)

|age_0–14_years = 13.2% (male 505,718/female 459,956) |age_15–64_years = 64.8% (male 2,123,216/female 2,609,102)

Demographic features of the population of Hong Kong include population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, religious affiliations, and other aspects.

Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with an overall density of some 6,300 people per square kilometre. At the same time, Hong Kong has one of the world's lowest birth rates—0.68 per woman of child-bearing age as of 2022, far below the replacement rate of 2.1. It is estimated that 26.8% of the population will be aged 65 or more in 2033, up from 12.1% in 2005. Hong Kong recorded a crude birth rate of 8.2 per 1,000 people on average annually in 2005–2010.

Ethnically, Hong Kong mainly consists of Chinese who constitute approximately 92% of the population. Of these, many originate from various regions in Guangdong. There are also a number of descendants of immigrants from elsewhere in Southern China during and after the Chinese Civil War.

Terminology

Main article: Hongkongers

People from Hong Kong generally refer to themselves, in Cantonese, as Hèung Góng Yàhn (); however, the term is not restricted to those of Chinese descent, owing to Hong Kong's roughly 160-year colonial history that saw the civil servants and traders of British, Indian, Russian and other ethnic groups stationed in Hong Kong.

In English, the term 'Hongkongers' (or sometimes 'Hong Kongers') is also used to refer to Hong Kongese people, while the term 'Hongkongese' is sometimes used as an adjective to describe people or things related to Hong Kong.

Population size and structure

| 1841 |7450 | 1851 |32983 | 1861 |119320 | 1871 |120124 | 1881 |160402 | 1891 |221441 | 1901 |368987 | 1911 |456739 | 1921 |625166 | 1931 |840473 | 1941 |1639000 | 1945 |600000 | 1951 |2070000 | 1961 |3128648 | 1971 |3936630 | 1981 |5183400 | 1991 |5752000 | 2001 |6714300 | 2011 |7071600 | 2021 |7413070 The following census data is available for Hong Kong between the years 1841–2011. In 2011, Hong Kong had a population of just over 7 million, with a density of approximately 6,300 people per square kilometer. This makes Hong Kong the fourth most densely populated region in the world, after Macau, Monaco, and Singapore.

Population graph of Hong Kong

Age groups

United Nations data

According to United Nations estimates from 1 July 2013, Hong Kong's population is distributed in the following age ranges, with the largest age group represented being 50–54 years:

[[Population]], [[fertility rate]] and [[net reproduction rate]], United Nations estimates
Age groupMaleFemaleTotal%Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total3,330,7003,856,8007,187,500100
0–4134,500125,700260,2003.62
5–9128,000120,200248,2003.45
10–14149,100139,600288,7004.02
15–19208,000196,300404,3005.63
20–24226,400230,700457,1006.36
25–29221,800295,800517,6007.20
30–34231,900343,200575,1008.00
35–39229,500331,000560,5007.80
40–44239,800338,700578,5008.05
45–49271,000337,900608,9008.47
50–54313,500341,100654,6009.11
55–59281,300287,900569,2007.92
60–64220,000223,100443,1006.16
65–69148,800146,400295,2004.11
70–74109,600103,700213,3002.97
75–79100,600109,900210,5002.93
80–8469,50088,400157,9002.20
85+47,40097,200144,6002.01
0–14411,600385,500797,10011.09
15–642,443,2002,925,7005,368,90074.70
65+475,900545,6001,021,50014.21

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotal%Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total3 416 3004 065 5007 481 800100
0–4137 400127 400264 8003.54
5–9154 600144 800299 4004.00
10–14154 400150 700305 1004.08
15–19140 100133 500273 6003.66
20–24192 600191 900384 5005.14
25–29224 600257 300481 9006.44
30–34229 800320 400550 2007.35
35–39237 500369 300606 8008.11
40–44226 300343 500569 8007.62
45–49241 500339 700581 2007.77
50–54241 400315 400556 8007.44
55–59301 200343 300644 5008.61
60–64292 400299 000591 4007.90
65–69223 200229 900453 1006.06
70–74165 200171 500336 7004.50
75–7995 10095 200190 3002.54
80–8479 90094 000173 9002.32
85+79 100138 700217 8002.91
0–14446 400422 900869 30011.62
15–642 327 4002 913 3005 240 70070.05
65+642 500729 3001 371 80018.34

Hong Kong government data

The Hong Kong government provides the following estimates for mid-2013:

agepercentagemalesfemales
0–14 years
15–24 years
25–34 years
35–44 years
45–54 years
55–64 years
65 and over

Median age: 45.0 (2013 est.)

Vital statistics

At the end of the 20th century, Hong Kong had one of the lowest birth rates in the world. However, the number of births doubled in the decade between 2001 and 2011, largely due to an increase in the number of children born in Hong Kong to women with residence in mainland China. In 2001 there were 7,810 births to Mainland women (16%) out of a total of 48,219 births. By 2009 it increased to 37,253 births to Mainland women (45%) out of a total of 82,095 births.

Source:

Notable events in demography of Hong Kong:

Average populationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1,000)Crude death rate (per 1,000)Natural change (per 1,000)TFR
1900275,0008,2503,5754,67530.013.017.0
1901283,00011,8867,9243,96242.028.014.0
1902296,82812,3188,1334,18541.527.414.1
1903311,33112,7658,3444,42141.026.814.2
1904326,54313,2258,5554,67040.526.214.3
1905342,50413,6968,7674,92940.025.614.4
1906359,25414,3188,9225,39639.924.915.0
1907376,83415,0709,0835,98739.924.115.8
1908395,28915,9039,2556,64839.823.416.4
1909414,66716,8039,4487,35539.822.817.0
1910435,01817,7719,6628,10939.822.217.6
1911456,00016,87210,0326,84037.022.015.0
1912478,17117,6879,9957,69237.021.415.6
1913501,65818,55810,1968,36236.920.816.1
1914526,50419,47510,4079,06836.920.116.8
1915552,74720,44310,6289,81536.919.517.4
1916580,43121,46110,85810,60336.918.918.0
1917609,60322,53311,09811,43536.918.418.5
1918640,31123,66111,34812,31336.917.919.0
1919672,60724,85011,60813,24236.917.419.5
1920706,54226,10311,87814,22536.916.920.0
1921625,00023,06313,1259,93837.021.016.0
1922655,64524,27613,76810,50837.020.616.4
1923687,62825,46014,23911,22137.020.116.9
1924721,03526,67814,50712,17137.019.617.4
1925755,96227,93014,80313,12736.919.117.8
1926792,51129,15615,14914,00736.818.618.2
1927830,79330,56715,45515,11236.818.118.7
1928870,92532,06915,74116,32836.817.819.0
1929913,03233,61216,13417,47836.817.719.1
1930957,24135,29517,23018,06536.818.018.8
1931849,00028,01715,28212,73533.018.015.0
1932875,46328,92915,15213,77733.017.715.3
1933903,08929,80214,99514,80733.017.415.6
1934931,95030,77114,85915,91233.017.115.9
1935962,12031,74914,64817,10133.016.916.1
1936993,68532,78014,44818,33233.016.616.4
19371,026,73533,88114,27219,60933.016.416.6
19381,000,00033,00016,00017,00033.016.017.0
19391,115,27836,80416,82919,97533.015.117.9
19401,241,66640,98617,65323,33333.014.218.8
19411,640,00049,20022,96026,24030.014.016.0
19421,335,91535,67625,58110,09526.719.27.6
19431,056,30331,94023,3328,60830.222.18.1
1944818,29921,91527,280−5,36526.833.4−6.6
1945600,00015,00019,800−4,80025.033.0−8.0
1946795,07220,87122,262−1,39126.228.0−1.8
19471,053,56528,97324,2324,74127.523.04.5
19481,396,10040,13825,13015,00828.818.010.8
19491,850,00055,50024,05031,45030.013.017.0
19501,974,00060,60018,46542,13530.79.421.3
19512,044,00068,50020,58047,92034.010.223.8
19522,141,00071,97619,45952,51733.99.224.7
19532,253,00075,54418,30057,24433.78.225.5
19542,371,00083,31719,28364,03435.28.227.1
19552,490,00090,51119,08071,43136.37.728.7
19562,607,00096,74619,29577,45137.07.429.6
19572,721,00097,83419,36578,46935.87.128.7
19582,834,000106,62420,55486,07037.47.230.2
19592,951,000104,57920,25084,32935.26.828.4
19603,075,000110,66719,14691,52136.16.229.9
19613,207,000108,72618,73889,98834.35.928.4
19623,344,000119,16620,93398,23336.16.329.7
19633,477,000118,41320,34098,07334.65.928.7
19643,596,000111,43618,65792,77931.85.326.5
19653,692,000106,36218,16088,20229.65.024.5
19663,763,00096,43619,26177,17526.65.321.3
19673,812,00094,36820,23474,13425.35.419.9
19683,850,00083,64119,44464,19722.05.116.9
19693,889,00082,48219,25663,22621.35.016.4
19703,942,00079,13219,99659,13620.05.114.9
19714,009,00079,78920,37459,41519.75.014.7
19724,088,00080,34421,39758,94719.55.214.3
19734,180,00082,25221,25161,00119.55.014.5
19744,283,00083,58921,87961,71019.35.114.3
19754,396,00079,79021,59158,16817.94.913.0
19764,519,00078,51122,62855,88317.45.112.3
19774,652,00080,02223,33156,69117.55.112.4
19784,788,00080,95723,81657,14117.35.112.2
19794,919,00081,97525,11056,86516.85.111.7
19805,039,00085,29024,99560,29517.04.912.1
19815,145,00086,75124,82261,92916.84.812.0
19825,239,00086,12025,38460,73616.44.811.5
19835,322,00083,29326,51256,78115.65.010.6
19845,394,00077,29725,51051,78714.44.79.7
19855,456,00076,12625,24850,87814.04.69.3
19865,508,00071,62025,90245,71813.04.78.3
19875,551,00069,95826,91643,04212.64.87.8
19885,592,00075,41227,65947,75313.44.98.5
19895,641,00069,62128,74540,87612.35.17.2
19905,704,00067,73129,13638,59512.05.16.9
19915,786,00068,28128,42939,85212.04.97.1
19925,884,00070,94930,55040,39912.35.27.1
19935,992,00070,45130,57139,88012.05.16.9
19946,101,00071,64629,90541,74111.94.97.0
19956,206,00068,63731,46837,16911.25.16.1
19966,304,00063,29132,17631,1159.95.14.8
19976,492,00059,25031,73827,5129.14.94.2
19986,550,00052,97732,84720,1308.15.03.1
19996,611,00051,28133,25518,0267.85.02.7
20006,675,00054,13433,75820,3768.15.13.1
20016,721,00048,21933,37814,8417.25.02.2
20026,728,00048,20934,26713,9427.15.12.0
20036,745,00046,96536,9719,9947.05.51.5
20046,781,00049,79636,91812,8787.35.41.9
20056,818,00057,09838,83018,2688.45.72.7
20066,871,00065,62637,45728,1699.65.54.1
20076,921,00070,87539,47631,39910.25.74.5
20086,951,00078,82241,79637,02611.36.05.3
20096,980,00082,09541,17540,92011.85.95.9
20107,024,00088,58442,19446,39012.66.06.6
20117,072,00095,45142,34653,10513.55.97.6
20127,155,00091,55843,91747,64112.86.16.7
20137,187,00057,08443,39713,6877.96.01.9
20147,242,00062,30545,08717,2188.66.22.4
20157,306,00059,87846,10813,7708.26.31.9
20167,337,00060,85646,90513,9518.36.41.9
20177,410,00056,54846,8299,7197.76.31.4
20187,451,00053,71647,4006,3167.26.30.9
20197,507,40052,85648,9573,8997.06.50.5
20207,481,80043,03150,666−7,6355.86.8−1.0
20217,413,10036,95351,354−14,4015.06.9−1.9
20227,346,10032,51262,100−29,4884.48.4−4.0
20237,498,10033,28856,776−23,4884.47.6−3.2
20247,534,20036,76752,366−15,5994.96.8−1.9
20257,527,50031,714

Death rates by leading causes of death

Cause of death200120112021
1.Malignant neoplasms169.9187.2
2.Pneumonia45.187.8
3.Diseases of heart7089.6
4.Cerebrovascular46.647.2
5.External causes of
morbidity and mortality27.522.2
6.Nephritis, nephrotic
syndrome and nephrosis15.721.8
7.Dementia3.810.6
8.Septicaemia6.310.8
9.Chronic lower
respiratory diseases31.527.8
10.Diabetes mellitus10.16.5
All other causes69.785
All causes496596.6

Life expectancy

Hong Kong is the territory with the world's highest life expectancy according to the United Nations.

PeriodLife expectancy in
yearsPeriodLife expectancy in
years
1950–195563.11985–199077.0
1955–196065.91990–199578.1
1960–196568.81995–200080.0
1965–197070.92000–200581.4
1970–197572.52005–201082.4
1975–198073.72010–201583.4
1980–198575.6

Source: UN World Population Prospects

Marriage and fertility

According to The World Factbook in 2006, the average marriage age in Hong Kong was 30 years for males and 27 years for females, and the population was subdivided into the following categories:

Marital status

Separated34,722

Ethnicity

According to Hong Kong census data more than 90% of the population are Chinese. The largest minority are Filipino with over 200,000 in 2021, almost doubled since 2006. Other minorities include Indonesians, Indians, Nepalese and Whites.

Ethnic
group2006 By-census2011 Census2016 By-census2021 CensusNumber%Number%Number%Number%ChineseFilipinoIndonesianWhiteIndianNepalesePakistaniThaiJapaneseOther AsianOthersTotal6,864,3467,071,5767,336,5857,413,070
6,522,1486,620,3936,752,2026,793,502
112,453133,018184,081201,291
87,840133,377153,299142,065
36,38455,23658,20961,582
20,44428,61636,46242,569
15,95016,51825,47229,701
11,11118,04218,09424,385
11,90011,21310,21512,972
13,18912,5809,97610,291
12,66312,24719,58910,574
20,26430,33668,98670,124

Chinese

Historically, the major Chinese groups in Hong Kong include the Cantonese (including Punti and Toishanese), Hakka, Hoklo, and Tanka (mostly Cantonese speakers). The Punti, and Tanka people in Hong Kong are largely descendants of the indigenous population, while the Hakka and Hoklo groups are composed of both indigenous groups and more recent migrants.

Most Teochew-speaking migrants immigrated to Hong Kong between the late 1940s and early 1970s, while migrants from Fujian (previously Southern Min speakers, and increasingly more Central Min and Northern Min speakers) have constituted a growing number of migrants since 1978. Many Yue-speaking people such as Taishanese and Cantonese also migrated after 1949.

According to the 2016 by-census, 92% of the Hong Kong population belongs to a Chinese ethnicity. The Hong Kong census does not currently categorise Han Chinese subgroups nor does it differentiate other Chinese ethnicities, although in the past the census would collect information on language and dialect use. However, the majority of Hongkongers of Chinese descent trace their ancestry to various parts of Southern China: the Guangzhou area, followed by Siyi (Toishanese people), Chaoshan (a region of Eastern Guangdong home to Teochew speakers), Fujian, and Shanghai. Some Cantonese people also originate from Hakka-speaking villages in the New Territories.

[[Stanley Market

Ethnic minorities

8% of the population of Hong Kong are categorised as "ethnic minorities", including a large number of Filipinos and Indonesians, who together make up approximately 4.6% of the population. However, the majority of the Filipinos and Indonesians population are short-termed foreign domestic helpers. After excluding foreign domestic helpers, the number of ethnic minorities was 263,593 in 2016, making up 3.6% of the whole Hong Kong population.

Circa 2018 there were about 2,000 people of African origins with about 800–1,000 in Yuen Long. Chungking Mansions is another area of settlement and employment. Some Africans seeking to asylum travelled to Hong Kong as of June 2020. According to Lingnan University professor Lisa Leung Yuk-ming, African settlement began in the 1990s. The Hong Kong African Association (香港非洲人協會) is an ethnic association for those people.

A Thai community began in Hong Kong when Thai women travelled with their husbands, of Chaozhou (Chiu Chow) origin, to Hong Kong in the 1970s. In 2016, Hong Kong had about 10,215 Thai residents, with around 33% residing in Kowloon City.

Nationality

Due to its history as trading, business, and tourism hub, a large number of expatriates live in Hong Kong, representing 8% of the population. The following lists ethnic groups with significant presence in Hong Kong in alphabetical order by category:

  • Africa
  • East Asia
    • Japan
    • Korea
  • Europe
    • Britain
    • France
    • Russia
  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
  • Oceania
    • Australia
  • South Asia
    • India
    • Nepal
    • Pakistan
  • Southeast Asia
    • The Philippines
    • Indonesia (mainly Javanese)
    • Thailand
    • Vietnam

Language

Main article: Languages of Hong Kong

As a former British colony, Hong Kong has 2 official languages: English, and Chinese, although the specific variety of Chinese is not specified. The majority of the population uses Cantonese as their usual spoken language. However, due to Hong Kong's role as an international trade and finance hub, there are also a wide variety of minority groups speaking dozens of languages present in the territory.

Language usually spoken at home (5+)196119711991199620012006201120162021Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%CantoneseMandarinOther Chinese languagesEnglishOther languagesTotal2,628,9423,936,6305,168,9095,860,5416,417,739colspan="2"6,640,344colspan="2"6,808,433colspan="2"7,048,9697,179,127
2,076,21079.03,469,23588.14,583,32288.65,196,24088.75,726,97289.26,030,96090.86,095,21389.56,264,70088.96,382,94788.2
26,0211.0405,14710.257,5771.165,8921.155,4100.960,8590.994,3991.4131,4061.9165,5412.3
348,54413.3364,6947.1340,2225.8352,5625.5289,0274.4273,7454.0221,2473.1204,5712.8
31,8241.241,1191.1114,0842.2184,3083.1203,5983.2187,2812.8238,2883.5300,4174.3330,7824.6
17,9110.721,1290.649,2321.073,8791.379,1971.272,2171.1106,7881.6131,1991.9149,3762.1

However, a very large proportion of the population in Hong Kong are able to communicate in multiple languages. The school system is separated into English-medium and Chinese-medium school, both of which teach English and Mandarin.

1991199620012006201120162021%%%%%%%CantoneseEnglishMandarinHakkaHokkienTagalogChiu ChowBahasa IndonesiaJapaneseShanghainese

Religion

Main article: Religion in Hong Kong

The [[Tian Tan Buddha]] on [[Lantau Island]].
People honouring gods in a ''[[dajiao]]'' celebration, the [[Cheung Chau Bun Festival]].

Over half of all people (56.1% as of 2010) are not religious. Religious people in Hong Kong follow a diverse range of religions, among which Taoist and Buddhist (specifically Chinese Buddhism) faiths are common for people of Chinese descent.

Confucian beliefs are popular in Hong Kong, but it is arguable whether Confucianism can be considered as a religion. As such, Confucianism is excluded in some studies.

The Christian beliefs of Protestantism (with 1,040,000 members) and Catholicism (390,000 members) are also common, as well as non-organised Chinese folk religions, whose followers may state that they are not religious.

Traditional religions including Chinese Buddhism were discouraged under British rule, which officially represented Christianity. The handover of sovereignty from Britain to China has led to a resurgence of Buddhist and Chinese religions.

References

References

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