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Deepwater drilling

Using a drilling rig to bore holes for petroleum extraction in deep sea

Using a drilling rig to bore holes for petroleum extraction in deep sea

Deepwater drilling, or deep well drilling, is the process of creating holes in the Earth's crust using a drilling rig for oil extraction under the deep sea. There are approximately 3400 deepwater wells in the Gulf of Mexico with depths greater than 150 meters.

Deepwater drilling has not been technologically or economically feasible for many years, but with rising oil prices, more companies are investing in this sector. Major investors include Halliburton, Diamond Offshore, Transocean, Geoservices, and Schlumberger. The deepwater gas and oil market has been back on the rise since the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster, with total expenditures of around US$35 billion per year in the market and total global capital expenditures of US$167 billion in the past four years. Industry analysis by business intelligence company Visiongain estimated in 2011 that total expenditures in global deepwater infrastructure would reach US$145 billion.{{cite report | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110608155855/http://www.visiongain.com/Report/622/The-Deepwater-Ultra-Deepwater-Market-2011-2021 | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 8, 2011 | access-date = 21 September 2013 }}

A HowStuffWorks article explains how and why deepwater drilling is practiced:

In the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010, a large explosion occurred, killing workers and spilling oil into the Gulf of Mexico while a BP oil rig was drilling in deep waters.

Types of deepwater drilling facilities

Drilling in deep waters can be performed by two main types of mobile deepwater drilling rigs: semi-submersible drilling rigs and drillships. Drilling can also be performed from a fixed-position installation such as a fixed platform, or a floating platform, such as a spar platform, a tension-leg platform, or a semi-submersible production platform.

  1. Fixed Platform (FP) – A Fixed Platform consists of a tall, (usually) steel structure that supports a deck. Because the Fixed Platform is anchored to the sea floor, it is very costly to build. This type of platform can be installed in water depth up to 500 m.
  2. Jack-Up Rig – Jack-up rigs are mobile units with a floating hull that can be moved around; once they arrived at the desired location, the legs are lowered to the seafloor and locked into place. Then the platform is raised up out of the water. That makes this type of rig safer to work on because weather and waves are not an issue.
  3. Compliant Tower (CT) Platform – A compliant tower is a particular type of fixed platform. Both are anchored to the seafloor, and both workplaces are above the water surface. However, the compliant tower is taller and narrower and can operate up to 1 kilometer (3,000 feet) water depth.
  4. Semi-Submersible (SEMI) Production Platform – This platform is buoyant, meaning the bulk of it is floating above the surface. However, the well head is typically located on the seafloor, so extra precautions must be taken to prevent a leak. A contributing cause to the oil spill disaster of 2010 was a failure of the leak-preventing system. These rigs can operate anywhere from 200 to below the surface.
  5. Tension-Leg (TLP) Platform – The Tension-leg Platform consists of a floating structure, held in place by tendons that run down to the seafloor. These rigs drill smaller deposits in narrower areas, meaning this is a low-cost way to get a little oil, which attracts many companies. These rigs can drill anywhere from 200 to below the surface.
  6. Subsea System (SS) – Subsea Systems are actually wellheads, which sit on the seafloor and extract oil straight from the ground. They use pipes to force the oil back up to the surface, and can siphon oil to nearby platform rigs, a ship overhead, a local production hub, or even a faraway onshore site. This makes the Subsea system very versatile and a popular choice for companies.
  7. Spar Platform (SP) – Spar Platforms use a large cylinder to support the floating deck from the seafloor. On average, about 90% of the Spar Platform's structure is underwater. Most Spar Platforms are used up to depths of 1 kilometer (3,000 feet), but new technology can extend them to function up to 3500 m below the surface. That makes it one of the deepest drilling rigs in use today.

2010 ''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill

Main article: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

On 20 April 2010, a BP deepwater oil rig (Deepwater Horizon) exploded, killing 11 and releasing 750,000 cubic meters (200 million gallons) of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. With those numbers, many scientists consider this disaster to be one of the worst environmental disasters in the history of the US.

A large number of animal deaths have resulted from the release of the oil. A Center study estimates that over 82,000 birds, about 6,000 sea turtles, and nearly 26,000 marine mammals were killed from either the initial explosion or the oil spill. Deepwater wellbore integrity has become an increasingly important point in the field of petroleum engineering.

References

External articles

References

  1. (2011). "Deepwater Petroleum Exploration & Production: A Nontechnical Guide". [[Endeavor Business Media.
  2. Jeffery, Walter Henry. (1921). "Deep Well Drilling: The Principles and Practices of Deep Well Drilling, and a Hand Book of Useful Information for the Well Driller". W. H. Jeffery Company.
  3. ["Maps and GIS Data"](https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/mapping-and-data ).
  4. (January 2, 2013). "The Deepwater Ultra Deepwater Exploration Production Market 2013–2023". [[visiongain]].
  5. "The World Deepwater Market Report 2010-2014".
  6. (12 April 2001). "How Oil Drilling Works".
  7. (2012-03-04). "Deepwater Oil Drilling Picks Up Again as BP Disaster Fades". New York Times.
  8. "DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS". Deepwater Gulf of Mexico - America's Expanding Frontier.
  9. McLendon, Russell. (May 9, 2020). "Types of Offshore Oil Rigs". Dotdash Meredith.
  10. ["Exxon, be Gone"](https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/Exxon-Be-Gone/index.html ).
Info: Wikipedia Source

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