De facto embassy

Taiwan

]] Main article: Foreign relations of Taiwan, Cross-strait relations, Political status of Taiwan

Foreign missions in Taiwan

Main article: List of diplomatic missions in Taiwan

Many countries maintain formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China but operate unofficial "trade missions" or "representative offices" in Taipei to deal with Taiwan-related commercial and consular issues. Often, these delegations may forward visa applications to their nearest embassy or consulate rather than processing them locally.

When the United States recognized the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate entity of "China" in 1979, it established a non-governmental body known as the American Institute in Taiwan to serve its interests on the island. By contrast, other countries were represented by privately operated bodies; the United Kingdom was informally represented by the "Anglo-Taiwan Trade Committee", while France was similarly represented by a "Trade Office".

These were later renamed the "British Trade and Cultural Office" and "French Institute" respectively, and, were headed by career diplomats on secondment, rather than being operated by chambers of commerce or trade departments.

France now maintains a "French Office in Taipei", with cultural, consular and economic sections, while the "British Office" and German Institute Taipei perform similar functions on behalf of the United Kingdom and Germany.

Other countries which have broken off diplomatic relations with Taiwan also established de facto missions. In 1972, Japan established the "Interchange Association, Japan" (renamed the "Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association" in 2017), headed by personnel "on leave" from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.The International Energy Relations of China , Kim Woodard Stanford University Press, 1980, page 125 This became known as the "Japanese formula", and would be adopted by other countries like the Philippines in 1975, which established the "Asian Exchange Center", replacing its former embassy. This was renamed the "Manila Economic and Cultural Office" in 1989.

Australia ended formal diplomatic relations in 1972, but did not establish an "Australian Commerce and Industry Office" until 1981. This was under control of the Australian Chamber of Commerce.Prospects for Australian Seafood Exports: A Case Study of the Taiwanese Market , Malcolm Tull Asia Research Centre on Social, Political, and Economic Change, Murdoch University, 1993, page 10 It was renamed the "Australian Office in Taipei" in 2012. By contrast, New Zealand, which also ended formal diplomatic relations in 1972, did not establish the "New Zealand Commerce and Industry Office in Taipei" until 1989.

South Korea, which broke off diplomatic relations with Taiwan in 1992, has been represented by the "Korean Mission in Taipei" since 1993. South Africa, which ended diplomatic ties in 1998, is represented by the "Liaison Office of the Republic of South Africa".

India, which has always had diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, established an "India Taipei Association" in 1995, which is also authorised to provide consular and passport services.

Singapore, despite close ties with Taiwan, did not establish formal diplomatic relations, although it was the last ASEAN country to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, in 1990. Consequently, it only established a "Trade Representative Office" in Taipei in 1979, renamed the "Singapore Trade Office in Taipei" in 1990.

Taiwan missions in other countries

Main article: Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office

Main article: List of diplomatic missions of Taiwan

Similarly, Taiwan maintains "representative offices" in other countries, which handle visa applications as well as relations with local authorities. These establishments use the term "Taipei" instead of "Taiwan" or "Republic of China" since the term "Taipei" avoids implying that Taiwan is a separate country from China or that there are "Two Chinas", both of which would cause difficulties for their host countries.

In 2007, for example, the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Dermot Ahern, confirmed that Ireland recognised the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of "China", and that while the Taipei Representative Office in Dublin had a representative function in relation to economic and cultural promotion, it had no diplomatic or political status.

Before the 1990s, the names of these offices would vary considerably from country to country. For example, in the United States, Taipei's mission was known as the "Coordination Council for North American Affairs" (CCNAA), in Japan as the "Association of East Asian Relations" (AEAR), in the Philippines as the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center" and in the United Kingdom as the "Free Chinese Centre".

However, in May 1992, the AEAR offices in Japan became Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office, as did the "Free Chinese Centre" in London. In September 1994, the Clinton Administration announced that the CCNAA office in Washington could similarly be called the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office.

Earlier in 1989, the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center" in Manila became the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in the Philippines". In 1991, the "Taiwan Marketing Service" office in Canberra, Australia, established in 1988, also became a "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office", along with the "Far East Trading Company" offices in Sydney and Melbourne.

Other names are still used elsewhere; for example, Taiwan's mission in Moscow is formally known as the "Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei–Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission", the mission in New Delhi is known as the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Center", while the mission in Pretoria is known as the "Taipei Liaison Office".

In Papua New Guinea and Fiji, the Taiwanese missions are known as the "Trade Mission of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Papua New Guinea" and "Trade Mission of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Republic of Fiji" respectively, despite both countries having diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. The Taipei Representative Office in Singapore was similarly known as the "Trade Mission of the Republic of China" until 1990.

In addition, Taiwan maintains "Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices" in Hong Kong and Macau, both Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China. Previously, Taiwan was represented in Hong Kong by the "Chung Hwa Travel Service", established in 1966. In Macau, it was represented by the "Taipei Trade and Tourism Office", established in 1989 and renamed the "Taipei Trade and Cultural Office" in 1999. In May 2011, the "Chung Hwa Travel Service" was renamed the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong, and in May 2012, the "Taipei Trade and Cultural Office" became the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau.

Relations between Taiwan and China are conducted through two quasi-official organisations, the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) in Taipei, and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) in Beijing. In 2012, the two organisations' chairmen, Lin Join-sane and Chen Yunlin announced talks on opening reciprocal representative offices, but did not commit to a timetable or reach an agreement. In 2013, President Ma Ying-jeou outlined plans to establish three SEF representative offices in China, with the ARATS establishing representative offices in Taiwan. The opposition Democratic Progressive Party expressed fears that China could use the offices as a channel for intelligence gathering in Taiwan, while China expressed concerns that they could be used as possible gathering areas for student demonstrators.

Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China

Hong Kong

██ Bangkok office and covered countries

██ Berlin office and covered countries

██ Brussels office and covered countries

██ Jakarta office and covered countries

██ London office and covered countries

██ Singapore office and covered countries

██ Sydney office and covered countries]]

Due to Hong Kong's status as a Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices enjoy some privileges and immunities equivalent to those of a diplomatic mission under legislation passed by host countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. Under British administration, they were known as Hong Kong Government Offices, and were headed by a Commissioner.

Similarly, foreign diplomatic missions there function independently of their embassies in Beijing, reporting directly to their foreign ministries. For example, the United States Consulate General reports to the Department of State with the Consul General as the "Chief of Mission".

|File:HKETO-London.JPG | Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in London |File:HK US Consulate General.jpg | Consulate-General of the United States in Hong Kong |File:HK British Consulate Justice Drive 1.JPG | British Consulate General in Hong Kong

When Hong Kong was under British administration, diplomatic missions of Commonwealth countries, such as Australia, Bangladesh Canada, India, Malaysia, New Zealand Nigeria and Singapore maintained Commissions. However, the Australian Commission was renamed the consulate-general in 1986. Following the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, the remaining Commissions were renamed Consulates-General. with the last commissioner becoming consul-general.

Macau

Macau, also a Special Administrative Region, similarly has the right to set up Macao Economic and Trade Offices around the world, which enjoy some privileges and immunities equivalent to those of a diplomatic mission under legislation passed by host countries such as Portugal, Belgium and others.

| |Macau Office in Beijing |File:Macao.jpg | Macao Economic and Trade Office in Lisbon |File:ptmoconsulate.JPG | Consulate General of Portugal in Macau |File:ConsulatePortugalMacau.jpg | Portuguese Consul General residence

Disputed territories

West Germany and East Germany

Prior to the reunification of Germany, West and East Germany were each represented by a "permanent mission" (Ständige Vertretung), in East Berlin and Bonn respectively. These were headed by a "permanent representative", who served as a de facto ambassador. The permanent missions were established under Article 8 of the Basic Treaty in 1972. Previously, West Germany had always claimed to represent the whole of Germany, reflected in the Hallstein Doctrine, which prescribed that the Federal Republic would not establish or maintain diplomatic relations with any state that recognised the GDR. Its opposition even extended to any country (such as India) allowing East Germany to open trade missions on their territory, which Bonn viewed as de facto recognition of the government in East Berlin.

However, the GDR operated unofficial missions in Western countries, such as Britain, where "KfA Ltd", an agency of the Kammer für Außenhandel, or Department of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was established in 1959. By the early 1970s, this had begun to function as a de facto East German embassy in London, including diplomats on its staff.

After 1973, West Germany no longer asserted an exclusive mandate over the whole of Germany, but still did not consider East Germany to be a "foreign" country. Instead of being conducted through the Foreign Office, relations were conducted through a separate Federal Ministry for Intra-German Relations, known until 1969 as the Federal Ministry of All-German Affairs.

In contrast, East Germany did consider West Germany a completely separate country, meaning that while the East German mission in Bonn was accredited to the West German Chancellery, its West German counterpart in East Berlin was accredited to East Germany's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification , A. James McAdams Princeton University Press, 1994, page 107

Rhodesia after UDI

Following its Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965, Rhodesia maintained overseas missions in Lisbon and Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) until 1975 and an "Accredited Diplomatic Representative" in Pretoria. The Rhodesian Information Office in Washington remained open, but its director, Ken Towsey, and his staff were deprived of their diplomatic status. (Following the country's independence as Zimbabwe, Towsey became chargé d'affaires at the new embassy.)

The High Commission in London, known as Rhodesia House, continued to function until it was closed in 1969, following the decision by white Rhodesians in a referendum to make the country a republic. The British Residual Mission in Salisbury was closed at the same time. Prior to its closure, the mission flew the newly adopted Flag of Rhodesia in a provocative gesture, as the Commonwealth Prime Ministers arrived in London for their Conference. This was considered illegal by the Foreign Office, and prompted calls by Labour MP Willie Hamilton, who condemned it as "the flag of an illegal Government in rebellion against the Crown", for its removal.

In Australia, the federal government sought to close the Rhodesia Information Centre in Sydney. In 1973, the Labor government of Gough Whitlam cut post and telephone links to the centre, but this was ruled illegal by the High Court. An office was also established in Paris, but was closed down by the French government in 1977.

Similarly, the United States recalled its consul-general from Salisbury, and reduced consular staff, but did not move to close its consulate until the declaration of a republic in 1970.The Superpowers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry, 1960–1990 , Zaki Laïdi University of Chicago Press, 1990, page 55 South Africa, however, retained its "Accredited Diplomatic Representative" after the UDI,Foreign Affairs for New States: Some Questions of Credentials , Peter John Boyce, University of Queensland Press, January 1977, page 13 which allowed it to continue to recognise British sovereignty as well as to deal with the de facto authority of the government of Ian Smith.

The self-styled "South African Diplomatic Mission" in Salisbury became the only such mission remaining in the country after 1975,Native Vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa , Thomas G. Mitchell Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, page 141 when Portugal downgraded its mission to consul level, having recalled its consul-general from Salisbury in May 1970.

Bophuthatswana

Bophuthatswana, one of four nominally independent "homelands" created by South Africa under apartheid, was not recognised as an independent state by any other country. Consequently, it only had diplomatic relations with Pretoria, which maintained an embassy in Mmabatho, its capital. However, it established representative offices internationally, including in London and Tel Aviv.

The opening of "Bophuthatswana House" in Holland Park in London in 1982, attended by the homeland's president, Lucas Mangope, prompted demonstrations by the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and while the British government gave Mangope a special travel document to enter the United Kingdom, it refused to accord the mission diplomatic status.

In 1985, a "Bophuthatswana House" was opened in Tel Aviv, in a building on HaYarkon Street next to the British Embassy. Despite the objections of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the homeland's flag was flown from the building.

Following the end of apartheid and the reincorporation of the homeland into South Africa, the Bophuthatswana government properties were acquired by the new South African government and sold.

China in Hong Kong and Macau

When Hong Kong was under British administration, China did not establish a consulate in what it considered to be part of its national territory. However, the Communist government of the People's Republic of China in Beijing, and its predecessor, the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China in Nanking established de facto representation in the colony.

While the Nationalist government had negotiated with the British regarding the appointment of a Consul-General in Hong Kong in 1945, it decided against such an appointment, with its representative in the colony, T W Kwok (Kuo Teh-hua) instead being styled "Special Commissioner for Hong Kong". This was in addition to his role as Nanking's Special Commissioner for Kwangtung and Kwangsi. Disagreements also arose with the British authorities, with the Governor, Alexander Grantham, opposing an office building for the "Commissioner for Foreign Affairs of the Provinces of Kwangtung and Kuangsi" being erected on the site of the Walled City in Kowloon. In 1950, following British recognition of the People's Republic of China, the office of the Special Commissioner was closed and Kwok withdrawn.

In 1956, the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai requested the opening of a representative office in Hong Kong, but this also was opposed by Grantham, who advised the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Alan Lennox-Boyd in 1957 that it would a) give "an aura of respectability" to pro-Communist elements, b) have "a deplorable effect" on the morale of Chinese in Hong Kong, c) give the impression to friendly countries that Britain was retreating from the colony, d) that there would be no end to the claims of the Chinese representative as to what constituted his functions, and e) become a target for Kuomintang and other anti-communist activities.

Consequently, the People's Republic of China was only represented unofficially in Hong Kong by the Xinhua News Agency Hong Kong Branch, which had been operating in the colony since 1945.Hong Kong: China's Challenge , Michael B. Yahuda Psychology Press, 1996, pages 46–47 In addition to being a bona fide news agency, Xinhua also served as cover for the "underground" local branch of the Chinese Communist Party known as the Hong Kong and Macau Work Committee (HKMWC). It also opened additional district branches on Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories in 1985 to expand its influence.

Despite its unofficial status, the directors of the Xinhua Hong Kong Branch included high-ranking former diplomats such as Zhou Nan, former Ambassador to the United Nations and Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, who later negotiated the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the future of Hong Kong. His predecessor, Xu Jiatun, was also vice-chairman of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee, before fleeing to the United States in response to the military crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests, where he went into exile.

On 18 January 2000, after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the branch office of Xinhua became the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

When Macau was under Portuguese administration, the People's Republic of China was unofficially represented by the Nanguang trading company. This later became known as China Central Enterprise Nam Kwong (Group). Established in 1949, officially to promote trade ties between Macau and mainland China, it operated as the unofficial representative and "shadow government" of the People's Republic in relation to the Portuguese administration.

It also served to challenge the rival "Special Commissariat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China" in the territory, which represented the Kuomintang government on Taiwan. This was closed after the pro-Communist 12-3 incident in 1966, after which the Portuguese authorities agreed to ban all Kuomintang activities in Macau. Following the Carnation Revolution, Portugal redefined Macau as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration" in 1976. However, Lisbon did not establish diplomatic relations with Beijing until 1979.

In 1984, Nam Kwong was split into political and trading arms. On 21 September 1987, a Macau branch of Xinhua News Agency was established which, as in Hong Kong, became Beijing's unofficial representative, replacing Nam Kwong. On 18 January 2000, a month after the transfer of sovereignty over Macau, the Macau branch became the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macau Special Administrative Region.

Northern Cyprus

As the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, declared in 1983, is only recognised as an independent state by Turkey, it is represented in other countries by "Representative Offices", most notably in London, Washington, New York, Brussels, Islamabad, Abu Dhabi and Baku.

Regions

Quebec

The Quebec Government Offices (French: Délégations générales du Québec) are the Government of Quebec's official representations around the world. They are overseen by Quebec's Ministry of International Relations.

The network of 33 offices in 18 countries consists of eight general delegations, five delegations, thirteen government bureaux, five trade branches, and two areas of representation in multilateral affairs.

Kurdistan Region

The Kurdistan regional Government in Iraq maintains representative offices in 13 countries and to the European Union.

Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

The three devolved administrations in the United Kingdom each maintain their own network of representative offices for trade and cultural purposes. The Scottish Government maintains eight representative offices around the world, managed by the External Affairs Directorate. The Welsh Government maintains 21 representative offices in twelve countries. The Northern Ireland Executive maintains representative offices in Brussels, Beijing and Washington, D.C.

Catalonia

Due to the further devolution of powers to the autonomous community of Catalonia in 2006, the right of the Government of Catalonia to establish delegations abroad in order to carry out its own non-diplomatic "foreign action" was recognized, while foreign affairs remained an exclusive matter of the Spanish Government. Currently, Catalonia's Ministry for Foreign Action and Europe maintains 17 delegations of the Government of Catalonia abroad, including one before the European Union.

Montenegro (before 2006)

Prior to achieving full independence in 2006, Montenegro effectively ran its own foreign policy independently of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Union of Serbia and Montenegro, with a Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Podgorica and trade missions abroad operating as de facto embassies.

Tatarstan

Russia's federal subject Republic of Tatarstan has acting Plenipotantiary Representations in Azerbaijan, Turkey and Kazakhstan.

Dependent territories

Commonwealth of Nations

Historically, in British colonies, independent Commonwealth countries were represented by Commissions, which functioned independently of their High Commissions in London. For example, Canada,Colonial Reports Report on Sarawak , Great Britain, Colonial Office 1961, page 7 AustraliaLosing the Blanket: Australia and the End of Britain's Empire , David Goldsworthy Melbourne University Publish, 2002, page 28 and New Zealand maintained Commissions in Singapore, while following its independence in 1947, India established Commissions in Kenya, Trinidad and Tobago, and Mauritius which became High Commissions on independence. Canada formerly had a Commissioner to Bermuda, although this post was held by the Consul-General to New York City, but there is now an Honorary Canadian Consulate on the island. Commissions of Commonwealth countries in the dependent territory of Hong Kong, such as those of Australia, Canada and Singapore, became consulates-general in name in 1997 but continues to report directly to the respective foreign ministries.

Southern Rhodesia

Southern Rhodesia, uniquely among British colonies, was represented in London by a High Commission from 1923, while the British government was represented by a High Commission in Salisbury from 1951. Following the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, when the British High Commissioner was withdrawn and the Rhodesian High Commissioner requested to leave London, both High Commissions were downgraded to residual missions before being closed down in 1970.

The self-governing colony also established a High Commission in Pretoria, following the decision of the then Union of South Africa to establish one in Salisbury, which, after South Africa's withdrawal from the Commonwealth in 1961, was renamed the "South African Diplomatic Mission" with the High Commissioner becoming the "Accredited Diplomatic Representative". Southern Rhodesia, which briefly became part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, was also able to establish its own consulate in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) in Mozambique. In addition, it also had a "Minister for Rhodesian Affairs" in Washington, DC operating under the aegis of the British Embassy, as well representatives in Tokyo and Bonn.

During 1965, the government of Rhodesia, as the colony now called itself, made moves to establish a mission in Lisbon separate from the British Embassy, with its own accredited representative, prompting protests from the British government, which insisted that the representative, Harry Reedman, should be a nominal member of the British Ambassador's staff. For their part, the Portuguese authorities sought a compromise whereby they would accept Reedman as an independent representative but deny him diplomatic status.International Diplomacy and Colonial Retreat , Kent Fedorowich, Martin Thomas Routledge, 2013, page 186

Trade missions

South Africa and neighbouring countries

Under apartheid, South Africa maintained trade missions in neighbouring countries with which it did not have diplomatic relations, such as Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where, following the country's independence, the "South African Diplomatic Mission" in Salisbury (now Harare) was closed. A trade mission was also established in Maputo, Mozambique, in 1984, nine years after the South African consulate was closed following independence in 1975.

Similarly, Mauritius maintained a trade mission in Johannesburg, the country's commercial capital, as did Zimbabwe, after the closure of its missions in Pretoria and Cape Town.Coming To Terms: Zimbabwe in the International Arena , Richard Schwartz I.B.Tauris, 2001, page 68

Following majority rule in 1994, full diplomatic relations were established, and these became High Commissions, after South Africa rejoined the Commonwealth.

South Korea and China

Prior to the establishment of full diplomatic relations in 1992, South Korea and the People's Republic of China established trade offices in Beijing and Seoul, under the auspices of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, and KOTRA, the Korea Trade Promotion Corporation respectively. The South Korean office in Beijing was established in January 1991, while the Chinese office was established in April of that year.China and South Korea in a New Triangle , Emerging Patterns of East Asian Investment in China: From Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, Sumner J. La Croix M.E. Sharpe, 1995, page 215

Other missions

Commonwealth of Nations

Commonwealth countries do not exchange "Ambassadors" with each other but "High Commissioners". This in no way implies a lack of recognition of sovereignty nor tense government to government relations. It is simply a vestige that the relations between the countries are not fully "foreign". Generally High Commissioners are appointed less formally by letters between Prime Ministers than formal letters of Accreditation to the head of state. There are in some cases minor enhancements in protocol where High Commissioners enjoy a "higher" precedence than Ambassadors.

In practical terms High Commissions function exactly the same as embassies. Buildings have changed status to reflect the changing political and legal environment. Rhodesia House in London was the Southern Rhodesian High Commission, then the Rhodesian Residual Mission after UDI, then the Zimbabwean High Commission after legal independence, then the Zimbabwean Embassy after leaving the Commonwealth.

Embassies have become High Commissions as countries joined or rejoined the Commonwealth. (e.g. Pakistan and South Africa)

South Africa and China

Prior to the establishment of full diplomatic relations in 1998, South Africa and the People's Republic of China established "cultural centres" in Beijing and Pretoria, known as the South African Centre for Chinese Studies and the Chinese Centre for South African Studies respectively.Interpreting Chinese Foreign Policy: The Micro-macro Linkage Approach , Quansheng Zhao Oxford University Press, 1996, page 68 Although the Centres, each headed by a Director, did not use diplomatic titles, national flags, or coats of arms, their staff used diplomatic passports and were issued with diplomatic identity documents, while their vehicles had diplomatic number plates. They also performed visa and consular services.

Israel and China

Prior to the establishment of full diplomatic relations in 1992, Israel and the People's Republic of China established representative offices in Beijing and Tel Aviv. The Israeli office was formally known as the Liaison Office of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. This was opened in June 1990. China was similarly represented by a branch of the China International Travel Service, which also opened in 1990.

United States

In the U.S., “diplomatic couriers” do “enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in the Vienna Convention,” as well as “their families,” and “the members of the mission,” even “the mission” itself; with respect to a nonparty to the Vienna Convention.

Liaison offices

Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Until 2019, Greece and the then Republic of Macedonia only maintained "Liaison Offices", with Greece being represented in Skopje by a mission known as the "Liaison Office of the Hellenic Republic", and Macedonia by the "Liaison Office of the Republic of Macedonia" in Athens. This was to the naming dispute between the two states, but following the Republic of Macedonia adoption of the name "North Macedonia" and the signing of an agreement with Greece, the two countries' diplomatic missions were upgraded to embassies, with Greece's representation in Bitola and North Macedonia's representation in Thessaloniki being upgraded to Consulates-General.

Vietnam and the United States

In January 1995, Vietnam and the United States established "Liaison Offices" in Washington and Hanoi, the first such diplomatic representation in the two countries since the end of the Vietnam War, when the US-backed South Vietnam fell to the Communist-controlled North. On 11 July, President Bill Clinton announced the normalisation of relations between the two countries, and the following month, both countries upgraded their Liaison Offices to Embassy status, with the United States later opening a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam opening a consulate in San Francisco, California.

China and the United States

Following President Richard Nixon's visit to China, the United States and the People's Republic of China agreed to open "Liaison Offices" in Washington and Beijing in 1973, described by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger as "embassies in all but name".

Although the Embassy of the Republic of China on Taiwan remained, it increasingly became overshadowed by the "Liaison Office of the People's Republic of China", which, under Executive Order 11771, was accorded the same privileges and immunities enjoyed by the diplomatic missions accredited to the United States.

George H. W. Bush, later vice-president under Ronald Reagan and President between 1989 and 1993, served as Chief of the "United States Liaison Office" in Beijing between 1974 and 1975. The last holder of the post was Leonard Woodcock, formerly president of the United Auto Workers, who became the first Ambassador when full diplomatic relations were established in 1979.

North Korea and South Korea

The joint Inter-Korean Liaison Office was established as part of Panmunjom Declaration signed by North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and South Korean President Moon Jae-in on April 27, 2018, during the 2018 inter-Korean Summit in Panmunjom. The joint liaison office provided direct communication channel for the two Koreas. The office was blown up with explosives by the DPRK at 2:50 PM local time on 16 June 2020.

North Korea and Japan

There are no diplomatic relations between the North Korea and Japan. Chongryon functions as North Korea's de facto embassy in Japan.

Kosovo and Serbia

Under the terms of the Brussels Agreement signed in 2013, the governments of Serbia and Kosovo agreed to post liaison officers in each other's capitals. The Government of Kosovo is represented in Serbia by the Liaison Office of Kosovo, Belgrade and likewise the Government of Serbia is represented in Kosovo by the Liaison Office of Serbia, Pristina. Under the terms of the Ohrid Agreement that was accepted by both parties in March 2023, the liaison offices in each country are to be upgraded to Permanent Missions.

Republic of Somaliland

The Republic of Somaliland, which claims to be the legal successor to the short-lived State of Somaliland maintains a network of liaison offices around the world. Several states also maintain missions in Somaliland.

Interests sections

When two nations break off diplomatic relations, their former embassies are usually turned over to third countries that act as protecting powers. The protecting power is responsible for all diplomatic communications on behalf of the protected power. When the situation improves, the feuding countries may be willing to accept diplomats from the other country on an unofficial basis. The original embassy is known as an "interests section" of the embassy of the protecting power. For example, until 2015, the Cuban Interests Section was staffed by Cubans and located in the old Cuban Embassy in Washington, but it was officially an interests section of the Swiss Embassy to the United States.

References

References

1. [http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201302050036.aspx New Taiwan-U.S. diplomatic immunity pact a positive move: scholar] {{Webarchive. link. (24 August 2017 , ''[[Focus Taiwan]]'', 12 February 2013)
2. [http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/18083.htm Former Polish Director of U.S. Interests Section in Baghdad Krzysztof Bernacki Receives the Secretary's Award for Distinguished Service] {{Webarchive. link. (8 March 2016 , [[Department of State of the United States of America). Department of State]], 28 February 2003
3. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616133351/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF14Ad01.html ''De facto'' embassies in Taipei folding the flag], ''[[Asia Times]]'', 14 June 2011
4. link. (30 March 2023 , [[Béatrice Hibou]], C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2004, pages 157–158)
5. "La France à Taiwan".
6. "British Office".
7. "German Institute Taipei".
8. (29 December 2016). "Foreign ministry supports name change". Taipei Times.
9. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UKL7t8BAGYC&pg=PA244 ''The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate: 1962–1983''], Ann Millar, UNSW Press, 2000, page 244
10. [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/print/2012/05/30/2003534092 Australian office renamed] {{Webarchive. link. (8 May 2019 , ''[[Taipei Times]]'', 30 May 2012)
11. link. (11 April 2023 , Kwang Hwa Publishing Company, 1989, page 227)
12. link. (7 March 2016 , ''[[Taiwan Today]]'', 8 November 1996)
13. "Liaison Office of the Republic of South Africa".
14. "About Us – India-Taipei Association".
15. link. (11 April 2023 , Volumes 7–8, Singapore University Press, 1985, page 215)
16. link. (11 April 2023 , Volumes 3–4, American Association for Chinese Studies, 1996, page 170)
17. link. (8 December 2013 , [[Taipei Representative Office in the U.K.]], 1 July 2011)
18. [http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/DebatesWebPack.nsf/takes/dail2007020800069 Written Answers – Diplomatic Relations.] {{Webarchive. link. (24 July 2017 Thursday, 8 February 2007 {{lang). ga. [[Dáil Éireann]]
19. [http://www.cftc.gov/files/foia/repfoia/foirf0502b010.pdf Memorandum of Understanding between the American Institute in Taiwan and the Coordination Council for North American Affairs on the Exchange of Information Concerning Commodity Futures and Options Matters] {{Webarchive. link. (21 December 2016 , Signed at Arlington, Virginia this 11th day of January 1993)
20. link. (11 April 2023 , [[Hungdah Chiu]], in ''The United States and the Republic of China: Democratic Friends, Strategic Allies, and Economic Partners'', Steven W. Mosher Transaction Publishers, 1992, page 24)
21. link. (11 April 2023 , Steven Tsang, I.B.Tauris, 2006, page 39)
22. link. (11 April 2023 Kwang Hwa Publishing Company, 1998, 145)
23. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160203004046/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/foreign-affairs/2013/04/10/375637/Former-diplomats.htm Former diplomats to Great Britain remember Thatcher], ''[[The China Post]]'', 10 April 2013
24. link. (11 April 2023 , Chi Su Routledge, 2008, page 31)
25. link. (2 February 2017 , Khai Leong Ho, Guozhong He, Institute of China Studies, University of Malaya, 2006, page 25)
26. link. (11 April 2023 , Colin Mackerras, Macmillan Education, 1996, page 33)
27. "Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei–Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission".
28. link. (5 February 2016 , Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Cabinet, 14 October 2015)
29. "Taipei Liaison Office in the RSA".
30. "Trade Mission of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Papua New Guinea".
31. "Trade Mission of the Republic of China to the Republic of Fiji".
32. [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2011/07/17/2003508415 Is name change a game changer?] {{Webarchive. link. (3 March 2016 , ''[[Taipei Times]]'', 17 July 2011)
33. [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2002/01/07/0000118919 Macao allows Taipei office to issue visas to Chinese] {{Webarchive. link. (3 February 2016 , ''[[Taipei Times]]'', 7 January 2002)
34. [http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/china-taiwan-relations/2012/05/14/341018/Macau-representative.htm Macau representative office in Taiwan opens] {{Webarchive. link. (5 April 2015 ''The China Post'', 14 May 2012)
35. link. (11 April 2023 , Shih Chih-Yu in ''Debating Human Rights: Critical Essays from the United States and Asia'', Peter Van Ness (ed.), Routledge, 2003, page 153)
36. link. (2 March 2016 , ''[[Taiwan Today]]'', 17 October 2012)
37. [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/04/24/2003560582 Ma defends cross-strait offices proposal] {{Webarchive. link. (3 February 2016 , ''[[Taipei Times]]'', 24 April 2013)
38. [http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2015/05/19/436365/PRC-has.htm PRC has qualms over representative offices: Ma] {{Webarchive. link. (3 February 2016 ''The China Post'', 19 May 2015)
39. "The Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office Act 1996".
40. [https://archive.today/20120710103917/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/SOR-96-207/index.html Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office Privileges and Immunities Order]
41. "Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office (Privileges and Immunities) Regulations 1996".
42. [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/vo961125/text/61125-04.htm Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office Bill] {{Webarchive. link. (24 September 2022 , ''[[Hansard]]'', 25 November 1996)
43. [https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/letter-hong-kongs-road-to-democracy-1597713.html LETTER: Hong Kong's road to democracy] {{Webarchive. link. (26 August 2017 , ''The Independent'', 23 August 1995)
44. (8 May 2012). "Christopher J. Marut Appointed as Director of the Taipei Office of the American Institute in Taiwan". [[American Institute in Taiwan]].
45. "Inspection of The Canadian Consulate General Hong Kong".
46. (8 September 2004). "Chiefs of Mission". [[United States Department of State.
47. link. (6 May 2016 , ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 18 August 1982)
48. link. (30 March 2023 , Current Publications Company, 1988, page 797)
49. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-17-mn-783-story.html 2 China Dissidents Granted Asylum, Fly to Vancouver], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 17 September 1992
50. [http://www.ipsnews.net/1996/02/hong-kong-indians-in-limbo-as-1997-hand-over-date-draws-nearer/ Indians in Limbo as 1997 Hand-over Date Draws Nearer] {{Webarchive. link. (26 September 2020 , ''[[Inter Press Service]]'', 12 February 1996)
51. link. (14 August 2021 , ''[[New Straits Times]]'', 3 July 1984)
52. link. (5 August 2020 , ''[[New Zealand Herald]]'', 27 March 2006)
53. link. (30 March 2023 , Volume 4, Manager International Company, 1996)
54. [https://www.chicagotribune.com/1989/07/12/singapore-lure-stirs-crowds-in-hong-kong/ Singapore Lure Stirs Crowds In Hong Kong], ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', 12 July 1989
55. link. (30 March 2023 , Volume 56, Issues 7-12, Australian Government Public Service, 1985, page 1153)
56. "About the Consulate-General".
57. [http://www.embassymagazine.com/Biog/biog_countries/biog_emb28_malaysia.html In the swing of things] {{Webarchive. link. (23 October 2015 , ''Embassy Magazine'', September 2010)
58. (2 May 1974). "History of the Berlin Wall".
59. [https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0908/090859.html East-West German trade up 8 percent] {{Webarchive. link. (24 May 2019 ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', 8 September 1982)
60. link. (11 April 2023 , Volker Gransow, Konrad Hugo Jarausch, Berghahn Books, page 23)
61. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/1989/sep/15/berlinwall.germany The Two Germanies: Rivals struggle for Germany's soul – As worries surface in Bonn about the influx from the East, there are anxieties across Europe about the likely economic and international effects] {{Webarchive. link. (25 February 2017 , ''[[The Guardian]]'', 15 September 1989)
62. link. (11 April 2023 , University of North Carolina Press, 2003, page 26)
63. link. (11 April 2023 , Klaus Larres, Elizabeth Meehan, OUP Oxford, 2000, page 76–77)
64. link. (11 April 2023 , Stefan Berger, Norman LaPorte, Berghahn Books, 2010, page 13)
65. link. (30 March 2023 Geoffrey K. Roberts, Manchester University Press, 2000, page 46)
66. link. (27 July 2016 , ''[[Glasgow Herald]]'', 1 May 1975, page 4)
67. link. (30 March 2023 , Harry R. Strack, Syracuse University Press, 1978, page 52)
68. link. (8 March 2016 ,''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'', 13 November 1965)
69. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/06/26/rhodesias-lobbyist-back-for-mugabe/1adf000e-80d9-40f2-9ec1-a2e720ab8278/ Rhodesia's Lobbyist Back for Mugabe] {{Webarchive. link. (6 February 2016 , ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 26 June 1980)
70. [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1969/jun/24/rhodesia Rhodesia] {{Webarchive. link. (13 March 2016 , ''[[Hansard]]'', HC Deb 24 June 1969 vol 785 cc1218-27)
71. link. (30 March 2023 , [[Associated Press Archive]], 6 January 1969)
72. link. (8 March 2016 , ''[[The Glasgow Herald]]'', 4 January 1969, page 1)
73. link. (8 March 2016 , ''[[The Age]]'', 3 April 1972)
74. link. (11 April 2023 , Colin Legum, Africana Publishing Company, 1974)
75. link. (8 March 2016 , ''[[The Lewiston Daily Sun]]'', 27 August 1977, page 8)
76. link. (8 March 2016 , ''[[Reading Eagle]]'', 12 December 1965)
77. link. (5 April 2023 , Kenneth W. Grundy, University of California Press, 1973, page 257)
78. link. (11 April 2023 , Harry R. Strack, Syracuse University Press, 1978, page 77)
79. link. (8 March 2016 , ''[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]]'', 27 April 1970)
80. [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1988/oct/19/bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana, HC Deb] {{Webarchive. link. (6 February 2016 , ''[[Hansard]]'', 19 October 1988 vol 138 cc872-3)
81. [http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1988-02-11/news/8801090054_1_president-lucas-mangope-four-independent-homelands-bophuthatswana-cabinet South Africa Suppresses Coup In Homeland] {{Webarchive. link. (3 February 2016 , ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', 11 February 1988)
82. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/toytown-image-hid-apartheid-tyranny-as-white-right-wingers-die-at-the-hands-of-bophuthatswana-forces-1428525.html Toytown image hid apartheid tyranny: As white right-wingers die at the hands of Bophuthatswana forces, Richard Dowden examines the racial purpose of the 'homeland'] {{Webarchive. link. (3 February 2016 , ''[[The Independent]]'', 12 March 1994)
83. link. (30 March 2023 , Arianna Lissoni, in ''Apartheid Israel: The Politics of an Analogy'', Sean Jacobs, Jon Soske, Haymarket Books, 2015)
84. link. (4 February 2016 , Anti-Apartheid Movement Archive)
85. [https://apnews.com/7d5875f00b219ffabf7fd5aec3836522 Foreign Ministry opposed to Bophuthatswana office in Israel] {{Webarchive. link. (10 August 2018 , [[Associated Press]], 5 June 1985)
86. link. (30 March 2023 , Sasha Polakow-Suransky, Pantheon Books, New York, 2010, page 157.)
87. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/inside-file-a-des-res-in-trafalgar-square-one-proud-owner-1435342.html Inside File: A des. res. in Trafalgar Square, one proud owner] {{Webarchive. link. (5 September 2018 , ''The Independent'', 11 May 1994)
88. [http://www.hkjournal.org/archive/2011_fall/5.htm The Long History of United Front Activity in Hong Kong] {{Webarchive. link. (29 January 2016 , ''Hong Kong Journal'', Cindy Yik-yi Chu, July 2011)
89. link. (11 April 2023 , Steve Yui-Sang Tsang, Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1988, page 28)
90. link. (11 April 2023 , Ting-Hong Wong, Routledge Press, 2002, page 96)
91. link. (11 April 2023 , S.R. Ashton, G. Bennett, K. Hamilton, Routledge, 2013 page 129)
92. link. (11 April 2023 , Alexander Grantham, Hong Kong University Press, 2012, page 106)
93. link. (11 April 2023 , Steve Tsang, Hong Kong University Press, 1995, pages 276)
94. link. (11 April 2023 , Wang Gungwu, John Wong World Scientific, 1998, page 360)
95. [https://books.google.com/books?id=upDNEYtw4uYC&dq=de+facto+embassy+of+the+prc+hong+kong&pg=PA228 ''Elections and Democracy in Greater China''], Larry Diamond, Ramon H. Myers, OUP Oxford, 2001, page 228
96. link. (11 April 2023 , Brian Bridges, Lok-sang Ho, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009, page 155)
97. [https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1533506/poet-diplomat-zhou-nan-takes-aim-occupy-central 'Poet diplomat' Zhou Nan takes aim at Occupy Central] {{Webarchive. link. (22 October 2015 , ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', 16 June 2014)
98. [http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/02/22/Chinas-ex-proxy-in-Hong-Kong-fired-for-betrayal/7866667198800/ China's ex-proxy in Hong Kong fired for 'betrayal'] {{Webarchive. link. (10 May 2017 , ''[[United Press International). UPI]]'', 22 February 1991
99. [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/20/world/in-watching-hong-kong-china-loses-the-shades.html In Watching Hong Kong, China Loses The Shades] {{Webarchive. link. (24 July 2016 , ''[[The New York Times]]'', 20 February 2000)
100. [http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/3540/1/ulsd_pm_isbn9729679169_MFernandes.pdf Portuguese behavior towards the political transition and the regional integration of Macau in the Pearl River Region] {{Webarchive. link. (4 March 2016 , Moisés Silva Fernandes, in ''Macau and Its Neighbours in Transition'', Rufino Ramos, José Rocha Dinis, D.Y.Yuan, Rex Wilson, University of Macau, Macau Foundation, 1997, page 48)
101. [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/html/cd/1988/198809/19880922/19880922022_1.html NAM KWONG (GROUP) COMPANY LIMITED] {{Webarchive. link. (4 February 2016 , ''[[China Daily]]'', 22 September 1988)
102. link. (11 April 2023 , Moisés Silva Fernandes, in ''Portuguese Studies Review'', Vol. 16, No. 1, 2009, page 155)
103. link. (1 April 2017 , Sam Cohen, ''[[The Observer]]'' in ''[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]]'', 2 June 1974, page 4H)
104. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EalnZaeiVmAC Lisbon Seen in 1999 Macao Shift], ''The New York Times'', 8 January 1987
105. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041211021308/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-08/24/content_1872701.htm Sino-Portugal relations], ''[[Xinhua]]'' 24 August 2004
106. link. (11 April 2023 , Kenneth Maxwell, Psychology Press, 2003, page 280)
107. link. (7 April 2023 , ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'', 1988)
108. [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/insight/archives/2000/01/21/0000020843 Renamed Xinhua becomes a new force in Hong Kong's politics] {{Webarchive. link. (19 August 2017 , ''[[Taipei Times]]'', 21 January 2000)
109. link. (30 March 2023 , Daria Isachenko, Palgrave Macmillan, page 163)
110. "International relations".
111. (6 November 2018). "International offices".
112. (29 May 2015). "Promoting Northern Ireland".
113. "Delegations of the Generalitat abroad". exteriors.gencat.cat.
114. link. (30 March 2023 , Philip Lyon in ''De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty'' Tozun Bahcheli, Barry Bartmann, Henry Srebrnik, Routledge, 2004, page 60)
115. [https://prav.tatarstan.ru/representative_offices.htm Official list in Russian], Tatarastan government site with the list (in Russian)
116. link. (11 April 2023 , New Zealand. Dept. of External Affairs 1956, page 41)
117. link. (11 April 2023 , Coffee Board, 1957, page 202)
118. link. (11 April 2023 , Institute of Caribbean Studies, University of Puerto Rico, 1977, page 22)
119. link. (11 April 2023 , Lutchmee Parsad Ramyead, Mahatma Gandhi Institute, 1985, page 86)
120. link. (27 February 2014)
121. (23 November 2011). "Canada's One-Time Bermuda Diplomat Dies".
122. (16 November 2012). "Embassies and consulates - Bermuda".
123. link. (11 April 2023 , Lorna Lloyd, BRILL, 2007, page 240)
124. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1501406/Sir-John-Johnston.html Sir John Johnston] {{Webarchive. link. (27 June 2018 , ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 25 October 2005)
125. link. (11 April 2023 , Jericho Nkala, Clarendon Press, 1985, page 76)
126. [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41731/supplement/3745/data.pdf John Arthur KINSEY, Esq., Consul-General for the Federation at Lourenco Marques] {{Webarchive. link. (15 March 2016 , [[London Gazette]], 5 June 1959)
127. link. (11 April 2023 , Deon Geldenhuys, Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 62)
128. link. (11 April 2023 , Vera Gowlland-Debbas, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1990)
129. link. (7 March 2016 , ''The Glasgow Herald'', 22 September 1965. page 9)
130. [https://apnews.com/96fa7391e2061f8e2bbfda8dea8b4694 Thousands Rampage Through Harare, Upset Over Machel's Death] {{Webarchive. link. (19 December 2020 , ''[[Associated Press]]'', 21 October 1986)
131. link. (7 March 2016 , ''[[The Age]]'', 8 July 1980)
132. [https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1986/11/05/youths-attack-south-african-trade-mission/ Youths Attack South African Trade Mission], ''[[United Press International]]'', 5 November 1986
133. link. (30 March 2023 , Department of Foreign Affairs, page 207)
134. [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/28/world/port-louis-journal-land-of-apartheid-befriends-an-indian-ocean-isle.html Port Louis Journal; Land of Apartheid Befriends an Indian Ocean Isle] {{Webarchive. link. (8 March 2021 , ''The New York Times'', 28 December 1987)
135. link. (11 April 2023 , Portfolio Publications, 1999)
136. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-10-21-mn-4285-story.html S. Korea, China Agree to Set Up Trade Offices : Asia: The diplomatic accord is another setback for Communist North Korea, an ally of Beijing.], Los Angeles Times, 21 October 1990
137. [http://www.chinese-embassy.org.za/eng/zxxx/t419835.htm Establishing the SA Mission in the PRC] {{Webarchive. link. (24 September 2016 , Embassy of the People's Republic of China, 31 March 2008)
138. link. (11 April 2023 , Hong Kong University Press, 1996, page 424)
139. link. (11 April 2023 , E. Zev Sufott, Frank Cass, 1997, page ix)
140. [https://apnews.com/5f28da673907221e05a06d63c63ba3ed Israel Strengthening Representation in China] {{Webarchive. link. (17 September 2021 , [[Associated Press]], 9 January 1991)
141. link. (11 April 2023 , Volume 5, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 1991, page 375)
142. "22 U.S. Code § 254b - Privileges and immunities of mission of nonparty to Vienna Convention".
143. [http://www.mfa.gr/en/blog/greece-bilateral-relations/fyrom/ F.Y.R.O.M. – Greece's Bilateral Relations] {{Webarchive. link. (1 February 2016 , Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Greece)
144. [http://www.mfa.gov.mk/index.php/en/media-centar/macedonia-in-the-world/1685-2015-11-03-15-17-16 Interview for IBNA of Darko Angelov, Head of the liaison office of Republic of Macedonia in Athens] {{Webarchive. link. (4 August 2021 , Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Macedonia, 29 October 2015)
145. [https://apnews.com/64493b24185e4055adf5bf5ecdc56910 Greece, North Macedonia open embassies after name deal] {{Webarchive. link. (11 June 2019 , [[Associated Press). AP]], May 31, 2019
146. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/01/28/us-and-vietnam-agree-to-open-liaison-offices/c2835b88-f41c-4f96-8afc-8b609c60a060/ U.S., Vietnam to Establish Liaison Offices] {{Webarchive. link. (6 October 2017 , ''The Washington Post'', Thomas W. Lippman 28 January 1995)
147. link. (11 April 2023 , PRS Group, 2008, page 27)
148. link. (30 March 2023 , William P. Bundy, I.B.Tauris, 1998, page 402)
149. link. (11 April 2023 , Shao Chuan Leng, University Press of America, 1993, page 137)
150. link. (14 November 2017 , RICHARD NIXON, The White House, 18 March 1974)
151. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8597.html ''The China Diary of George H. W. Bush: The Making of a Global President''] {{Webarchive. link. (11 June 2016 , Jeffrey A. Engel, Princeton University Press, 2008)
152. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-18-me-13684-story.html Leonard Woodcock; President of United Auto Workers Union, Envoy to China], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 18 January 2001
153. [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/world/asia/north-south-korea-liaison-office.html North and South Korea Open Full-Time Liaison Office at Border] {{Webarchive. link. (25 September 2019 , ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 14, 2018)
154. (2020-06-16). "Alert: South Korea says North Korea blew up an inter-Korean liaison office amid rising tensions between the rivals".
155. John Pike. "Chosen Soren". Globalsecurity.org.
156. link. (October 2, 2008 ." ''[[Agence France-Presse]]''. June 18, 2007. Retrieved on January 15, 2009.)
157. "Archived copy".
158. (17 June 2013). "Serbia and Kosovo Begin Direct Liaisons".
159. (25 January 2022). "Beograd - Ambasadat e Republikës së Kosovës".
160. "Belgrade's liaison officer sent a request to Pristina to visit Dejan Pantic - Kosovo Online".
161. "Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue: EU Proposal - Agreement on the path to normalisation between Kosovo and Serbia | EEAS Website".
162. "Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue: Implementation Annex to the Agreement on the Path to Normalisation of Relations between Kosovo and Serbia | EEAS Website".
163. (12 February 1991). "Swiss to Sponsor Cuba's Diplomats". The New York Times.