Cyrus

Etymology

Cyrus, as a word in English, is the Latinized form of the Greek Κῦρος, Kȳros, from Old Persian 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš. According to the inscriptions, the name is reflected in Elamite Kuraš, Babylonian Ku(r)-raš/-ra-áš and Imperial Aramaic kwrš. The modern Persian form of the name is Kūroš.

The etymology of Cyrus has been and continues to be a topic of discussion amongst historians, linguists, and scholars of Iranology. The Old Persian name "kuruš" has been interpreted in various forms such as "the Sun", "like Sun", "young", "hero," and "humiliator of the enemy in verbal contest" and the Elamite "kuraš" has been translated as one "who bestows care".

The name has appeared on many monuments and inscriptions in Old Persian. There is also the record of a small inscription in Morghab (southwestern Iran) on which there is the sentence (adam kūruš xšāyaθiya haxāmanišiya) in Old Persian meaning (I am Cyrus the Achaemenian King). After a questionable proposal by the German linguist F. H. Weissbach that Darius the Great was the first to inscribe in Persian, it had previously been concluded by some scholars that the inscription in Morghab refers to Cyrus the Younger. This proposal resulted from a false interpretation of a passage in paragraph 70 of the Behistun inscription by Darius the Great. Based on many arguments, the accepted theory among modern scholars is that the inscription does belong to Cyrus the Great.

There are interpretations of the name of Cyrus by classical authors identifying with or referring to the Persian word for "Sun". The Historian Plutarch (46–120) states that "the sun, which, in the Persian language, is called Cyrus". Also, the Physician Ctesias who served in the court of the Persian king Artaxerxes II of Persia writes in his book Persica as summarized by Photios that the name Cyrus is from the Persian word "Khur" (the sun). These are, however, not accepted by modern scholars.

Regarding the etymology of Old Persian kuruš, linguists have proposed various etymologies based on Iranian languages as well as non-Indo-European ones. According to Tavernier, the name kuraš, attested in Elamite texts, is likely "the original form" as there is no Elamite or Babylonian spelling ku-ru-uš in the transcriptions of Old Persian ku-u-r(u)-u-š. That is, according to Tavernier, kuraš is an Elamite name and means "to bestow care". Other Iranian etymologies have been proposed. The Indian proposal of Skalmowsky goes down to "to do, accomplish". Another theory is the suggestion of Karl Hoffmann that kuruš goes down to a -ru derivation from the IE root *(s)kau meaning "to humiliate" and accordingly "kuruš" (hence "Cyrus") means "humiliator (of the enemy in verbal contest)".

People

Given name

Ancient world

• Cyrus I ( BC), King of Anshan
• Cyrus the Great ( BC or 576 BC–530 BC) – also known as Cyrus II – the grandson of Cyrus I, an Achaemenid ruler and founder of the Great Persian Empire
• Cyrus the Younger (died 401 BC), brother to the Persian King Artaxerxes
• Cyrus (architect), 1st century Greek architect who worked in Rome
• Saint Cyrus (see Cyrus and John), 4th century Coptic saint
• Cyrus I of Edessa, bishop (died 396)
• Cyrus II of Edessa, bishop (died 498)
• Cyrus of Alexandria (died 642), Melkite Patriarch and co-founder of Monothelism
• Cyrus of Panopolis, 5th-century Byzantine writer and official

Modern era

• Cyrus Leroy Baldridge (1889–1977), American artist, illustrator, author and adventurer
• Cyrus Townsend Brady (1861–1920), American journalist, historian and adventure writer
• Cyrus Broacha (born 1971), MTV India VJ
• Cyrus Ramone Pattinson (born 1994), Team GB Boxer
• Cyrus S. Ching (1876–1967), Canadian-American industrialist, civil servant, and union mediator
• Cyrus Christie (born 1992), professional footballer who plays as right back for Hull City A.F.C
• Cyrus Chothia (1942–2019), British scientist
• Cyrus Edwin Dallin (1861–1944), American sculptor
• Cyrus S. Eaton (1883–1979), Canadian-American banker, investor and philanthropist
• Cyrus Edwards (1793–1877), American politician and lawyer
• Cyrus West Field (1819–1892), American businessman who successfully laid the first transatlantic telegraph cable
• Cyrus Frisch (born 1969), Dutch film director
• Cyrus Herzl Gordon (1908–2001) was an American scholar of Near Eastern cultures and ancient languages
• Cyrus Hamlin (general) (1839–1867), Union general during American Civil War, son of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin
• Cy Hungerford (1889–1983), American editorial cartoonist
• Cyrus Kabiru (born 1984), Kenyan visual artist
• Cy Kendall (1898–1953), American actor
• Cyrus B. Lower (1843–1924), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
• Cyrus McCormick (1809–1884), American inventor who developed the modern mechanical reaper
• Cyrus Pallonji Mistry (born 1968), Irish-Indian businessman and Chairman of Indian conglomerate Tata Group
• Cyrus Mistry (writer) (born 1956), Indian author and playwright
• Cyrus Patell (born 1961), American literary and cultural critic
• Cyrus Peirce (1790–1860), founder of first public normal school (teachers' college) in the United States
• Cyrus Poncha (born 1976), national squash coach in India
• Cyrus S. Poonawalla (), Indian businessman
• Cyrus Redding (1785–1870), British journalist and wine writer
• Cyrus Rollocks (born 1998), Canadian soccer player
• Cyrus Sahukar (born 1980), MTV India VJ
• C. R. Smith (1899–1990), longtime CEO of American Airlines
• Cyrus Vance Sr. (1917–2002), American politician and lawyer, U.S. Secretary of the Army under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, U.S. Secretary of Defense under Lyndon B. Johnson and U.S. Secretary of State under Jimmy Carter
  • Cyrus Vance Jr. (born 1954), American politician and lawyer, son of Cyrus Sr. and former Manhattan District Attorney (2010–2021)
• Cyrus Villanueva, Australian singer who won The X Factor Australia in 2015

In literature

• The Garden of Cyrus, a discourse by the English physician-philosopher Thomas Browne

Fictional characters

• Cyrus, from The Revenge of Magic book series by James Riely
• Cyrus Beene, from the television series Scandal
• Cyrus Trask, from John Steinbeck's novel East of Eden
• Cyrus Spitama, the grandson of Zoroaster and main character of Gore Vidal's novel Creation.
• Cyrus Borg, a character in Ninjago
• Cyrus Bortel, from the animated TV series Kim Possible
• Cyrus Goodman, from Andi Mack and Disney Channel's first gay main character
• Cyrus Lupo, a detective from Law & Order
• Cyrus Simpson, the brother of Abraham Simpson in The Simpsons
• Cyrus, from the TV series Trailer Park Boys
• Cyrus, from the animated series Sonic Underground
• Cyrus "The Virus" Grissom, in the 1997 film Con Air, played by John Malkovich
• Cyrus, a gang leader in the 1979 film The Warriors
• Cyrus, the leader of Team Galactic and the main antagonist of Pokémon Diamond, Pearl, and Platinum
• Cyrus Gold, the DC Comics character Solomon Grundy
• Cyrus Smith, the leading character in Jules Verne's novel Mysterious Island
• Cyrus, a vampaneze from the novel The Vampire Prince by Darren Shan
• Cyrus, in the video game Chrono Trigger
• Cyrus, a Redguard pirate and hero in the video game The Elder Scrolls Adventures: Redguard
• Cyrus Albright, one of the eight main protagonists of the video game Octopath Traveler
• Cyrus, an NPC in the video game Genshin Impact
• Cyrus, an alpaca NPC introduced in Animal Crossing: New Leaf

Citations

General and cited references

References

1. {{harv. Schmitt. 1996a
2. {{harv. Gershevitch. 1985
3. {{harv. Tolman. 1908
4. {{harv. Tolman. 1908
5. {{harv. Gershevitch. 1985
6. {{harv. Ghirshman. 1965
7. {{harv. Schmitt. 1996b
8. [[Plutarch]], [http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/artaxerx.html ''Artoxerxes''] in [[Parallel Lives. (Parallel lives)]]
9. Epitome of [[Ctesias]]' Persica [https://www.livius.org/ct-cz/ctesias/photius_persica3.html 52] {{Webarchive. link. (2016-11-23 .)
10. {{harv. Tavernier. 2007
11. Others, such as Schmitt, Hoffmann maintain that the Persian ''Kuruš'', which according to Skalmowsky, may be connected to (or borrowing from) the [[Proto-Indo-European language. Harmatta. 1971